terça-feira, 8 de fevereiro de 2011

THE KALPA SUTRA



THE KALPA SUTRA
OF
BHADRABAHU.
LIVES OF THE GINAS.
LIFE OF MAHAVIRA.
First Lecture.

Obeisance to the Arhats!

Obeisance to the Liberated Ones!

Obeisance to the Religious Guides!

Obeisance to the Religious Instructors!

Obeisance to all Saints in the World!

This fivefold obeisance, destroying all sins, is of all benedictions the principal benediction.

In that period, in that age lived the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, the five (most important moments of whose life happened) when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Uttaraphalguni; to wit, in Uttaraphalguni he descended (from heaven), and having descended (thence), he entered the womb (of Devananda); in Uttaraphalguni he was removed from the womb (of Devananda) to the womb (of Trisala); in Uttaraphalguni he was born; in Uttaraphalguni, tearing out his hair, he left the house and entered the state of houselessness; in Uttaraphalguni he obtained the highest knowledge and intuition, called Kevala, which is infinite, supreme, unobstructed, unimpeded, complete, and perfect. But in Svati the Venerable One obtained final liberation. (1)

End of the First Lecture.
Second Lecture.

In that period, in that age the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, having on the sixth day of the fourth month of summer, in the eighth fortnight, the light (fortnight) of Ashadha, descended from the great Vimana, the all-victorious and all-prosperous Pushpottara, which is like the lotus amongst the best things, where he had lived for twenty Sagaropamas till the termination of his allotted length of life, of his (divine nature, and of his existence (among gods); here in the continent of Gambudvipa, in Bharatavarsha,-when of this Avasarpini era the Sushamasushama, the Sushama, and Sushamaduhshama periods, and the greater part of the Duhshamasushama period (containing a Kodakodi [a koti of kotis or 100,000,000,000,000] of Sagaropamas, less forty-two thousand years) had elapsed, and only seventy-two years, eight and a half months were left, after twenty-one Tirthakaras of the race of Ikshvaku and of the Kasyapa gotra, and two of the race of Hari and of the Gautama gotra, on the whole twenty-three Tirthakaras had appeared,-the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, the last of the Tirthakaras, took the form-of an embryo in the womb of Devananda, of the Galandhariyana gotra, the wife of the Brahmana Rishabhadatta, of the gotra of Kodala, in the brahmanical part of the town Kundagrama in the middle of the night, when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Uttaraphalguni, after his allotted length of life, of his (divine) nature, and of his existence (amongst gods) had come to their termination. (2)

The knowledge of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira (about this) was threefold; he knew that he was to descend, he knew that he had descended, he knew not when he was descending.

In that night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira took the form of an embryo in the womb of the Brahmani Devananda of the Galandharayana gotra, the Brahmani Devananda was on her couch, taking fits of sleep, in a state between sleeping and waking, and having seen the following fourteen illustrious, beautiful, lucky, blest, auspicious, fortunate great dreams, she woke up.- (3) To wit:

An elephant, a bull, a lion, the anointing (of the goddess Sri), a garland, the moon, the sun, a flag, a vase, a lotus lake, the ocean, a celestial abode, a heap of jewels, and a flame. (4)

When the Brihmani Devananda, having seen these dreams, woke up, she-glad, pleased, and joyful in her mind, delighted, extremely enraptured, with a heart widening under the influence of happiness, with the hair of her body all erect in their pores like the flowers of the Kadamba touched by rain-drops- firmly fixed the dreams (in her mind), and rose from her couch. Neither hasty nor trembling, with a quick and even gait, like that of the royal swan, she went to the Brahmana Rishabhadatta, and gave him the greeting of victory. Then she comfortably sat down in an excellent chair of state; calm and composed, joining the palms of her hands so as to bring the ten nails together, she laid the folded hands on her head, and spoke thus: (5)

O beloved of the gods, I was just now on my couch taking fits of sleep, in a state between sleeping and waking, when I saw the following fourteen .illustrious, &c., great dreams: to wit, an elephant, &c. (6)

'O beloved of the gods, what, to be sure, will be the happy result portended by these fourteen illustrious, &c., great dreams?' (7)

When the Brahmana Rishabhadatta had heard and perceived this news from the Brdhmant Devinanda, he, glad, pleased, and joyful (see § 5, down to) rain-drops, firmly fixed the dreams (in his mind), and entered upon considering them. He grasped the meaning of those dreams with his own innate intellect and intuition, which were preceded by reflection, and thus spoke to the Brahmani Devananda: (8)

'O beloved of the gods, you have seen illustrious dreams; O beloved of the gods, you have seen beautiful, lucky, blest, auspicious, fortunate dreams, which will bring health, joy, long life, bliss, and fortune! We shall have success, O beloved of the gods, we shall have pleasure; we shall have happiness, beloved of the gods, we shall have a son! Indeed, beloved of the gods, after the lapse of nine complete months and seven and a half days you will give birth to a lovely and handsome boy with tender hands and feet, with a body containing the entire and complete five organs of sense, with the lucky signs, marks, and good qualities; a boy on whose body all limbs will be well formed, and of full volume, weight, and length, of a lovely figure like that of the moon! (9) And this boy, after having passed his childhood, and, with just ripened intellect, having reached the state of youth,will repeat, fully understand, and well retain (in his mind) the four Vedas: the Rig-veda, Yag-ur-veda, Sama-veda, Atharva-veda-to which the Itihasa is added as a fifth, and the Nigghantu as a sixth (Veda)-together with their Angas and Upangas, and the Rahasya; he will know the six Angas, he will be versed in the philosophy of the sixty categories, and well grounded in arithmetic, in phonetics, ceremonial, grammar, metre, etymology, and astronomy, and in many other brahmanical [and monastic] sciences besides. (10) Therefore, O beloved of the gods, you have seen illustrious dreams, &c. (see § 9).

In this way he repeatedly expressed his extreme satisfaction. (11)

When the Brahmani Devananda had heard and perceived this news from the Brahmana Rishabhadatta, she-glad, pleased, and joyful, &c. (see § 5) joining the palms of her hands, &c- (see § 5, down to) and spoke thus: (12)

'That is so, O beloved of the gods; that is exactly so, O beloved of the gods; that is true, O beloved of the gods; that is beyond doubt, O beloved of the gods; that is what I desire, O beloved of the gods; that is what I accept, O beloved of the gods; that is what I desire and accept, O beloved of the gods; that matter is really such as you have pronounced it.'

Thus saying, she accepted the true meaning of the dreams, and enjoyed together with Rishabhadatta the noble permitted pleasures of human nature. (13)

In that period, in that age, Sakra,-the chief and king of the gods, the wielder of the thunderbolt, the destroyer of towns, the performer of a hundred sacrifices, the thousand-eyed one, Maghavan, the punisher of the Daitya Paka, the lord of the southern half of the earth, the lord of the thirty-two thousand celestial abodes, the bestrider of the elephant Airavata, the chief of the Suras, who wears spotless clothes and robes, and puts on garlands and the diadem, whose cheeks were stroked by fine, bright, and trembling earrings of fresh gold [the most prosperous, the most brilliant, the most mighty, the most glorious, the most powerful, and the most happy one], with a splendid body, ornamented with a long down-reaching garland,-this Sakra was in the Saudharma Kalpa, in the celestial abode Saudharma Avatamsaka, in the council-hall Sudharman, on his throne Sakra; he who exercises and maintains the supreme command, government, management, guidance, direction, and sovereign power and generalship ovef-the thirty-two thousand gods of the ceiestial abodes, the eighty-four thousand gods of a rank equal with that of himself, the thirty-two chief gods, the four guardians of the world, the eight principal queens with their trains, the three courts, the seven armies, and the seven commanders of these armies. He was then enjoying the permitted pleasures of divine nature under the great din of uninterrupted story-telling, dramatical plays, singing, and music, as beating of time, performance on the Vina, the Turya, the great drum, and the Patupataha. (14)

And he viewed this whole continent Gambudvipa with his extensive (knowledge called) Avadhi. There he saw in the continent Gambadvipa, in Bharatavarsha, in the southern half of Bharata, in the brahmanical part of the town KundagrAma, the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira taking the form of an embryo in the womb of the Brahmani Devananda of the Galandharayana gotra, wife of the Brahmana Rishabhadatta of the gotra of Kodala; and-glad, pleased, and joyful in his mind, delighted, extremely enraptured, with a heart widening under the influence of happiness, with the hair of his body bristling and erect in their pores like the fragrant flowers of Nipa when touched by rain-drops, with his eyes and mouth open like full blown lotuses, with his excellent, various, trembling bracelets, with diadem and earrings, his breast lighted up by necklaces, wearing long and swinging ornaments with a pearl pendant-the chief of the gods rose with confusion, hasty and trembling from his throne, descended from the footstool, took off his shoes which were by a clever artist set with Vaidurya and excellent Rishta and Añgana [names of precious stones], and ornamented with glittering jewels and precious stones, threw his seamless robe over his left shoulder, and, arranging the fingers of his hands in the shape of a bud, he advanced seven or eight steps towards the Tirthakara.

Bending his left knee and reposing on the right one, he three times placed his head on the ground and lifted it a little; then he raised his bracelet-encumbered arms, and joining the palms of his hands so as to bring the ten nails together, laid the hands on his head and spoke thus: (15)

'Reverence to the Arhats and Bhagavats; to the Adikaras, the Tirthakaras, the perfectly-enlightened ones; to the highest of men, the lions among men, the flowers among mankind 2, the Gandhahastins among men; to the highest in the world, the gUides of the world, the benefactors of the world, the lights of the world, the enlighteners of the world; to the givers of safety, to the givers of sight, to the givers of the road, to the givers of shelter, to the givers of life, to the givers of knowledge; to the givers of the law, the preachers of the law, the lords of the law, the leaders of the law, the universal emperors of the best law; to the light, the help, the shelter, the refuge, the resting-place, the possessors of unchecked knowledge and intuition who have got rid of unrighteousness; to the conquerors and the granters of conquest, the saved and the saviours, the enlightened and the enlighteners, the liberated and the liberators, to the all-knowing ones, the all-seeing ones, to those who have reached the happy, stable, unstained, infinite, unperishable, undecaying place, called the path of perfection, whence there is no return; reverence to the Ginas who have conquered fear.

'Reverence to the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, the Adikara, the last of the Tirthakaras who was predicted by the former Tirthakaras, &c. I here adore the Revered One yonder, may the Revered One yonder see me here!' With these words he adored, he worshipped the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, and sat down on his excellent throne facing the east. Then the following internal, reflectional, desirable idea occurred to the mind of Sakra, the chief of kings and gods: (16)

'It never has happened, nor does it happen, nor will it happen, that Arhats, Kakravartins, Baladevas, or Vasudevas, in the past, present, or future, should be born in low families, mean families, degraded families, poor families, indigent families. beggars' families, or brahmanical families. (17) For indeed Arhats, Kakravartins, Baladevas, and Vasudevas, in the past, present, and future, are born in high families, noble families, royal families, noblemen's families, in families belonging to the race of Ikshvaku, or of Hari. or in other such-like families of pure descent on both sides. (18)

Now this is something which moves the wonder of the world: it happens in the lapse of numberless Avasarpinis and Utsarpinis, because the imperishable, indescribable, and undestroyable Karman relating to name and gotra must take effect, that Arhats, &c., in the past, present, and future, descend in (i.e. take the form of an embryo in the womb of a woman belonging to) low families, &c.; but they are never brought forth by birth from such a womb. (19) This Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, now, in the continent Gambudvipa, in Bharatavarsha, in the brahmanical part of the town Kundagrama, has taken the form of an embryo in the womb of the Brahmani Devananda of the Galandharayana gotra, wife of the Brahmana Rishabhadatta of the gotra of Kodala. (20) Hence it is the established custom of all past, present, and future Sakras, chiefs and kings of the gods, to cause the Arhats and Bhagavats to be removed from such-like low, mean, &c., families, to such-like high, noble, &c., families. (21) It is, therefore, better that I should cause the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, the last of the Tirthakaras who was predicted by the former Tirthakaras, to be removed from the brahmanical part of the town Kundagrama, from the womb of the Brahmani Devananda of the Gilandharayana gotra, wife of the Brahmana Rishabhadatta of the gotra of Kodila, to the Kshatriya part of the town Kundagrama, and to be placed as an embryo in the womb of the Ksbatriyani Trisala of the Vasishtha gotra, wife of the Kshatriya Siddhartha of the Kasyapa

gotra, belonging to the clan of the Gñatri Kshatriyas; and to cause the embryo of the Kshatriyani Trisala of the Vasishtha gotra to be placed in the womb of the Brahmani Devanandi of the Galandharayana gotra.'

Thus he reflected and called Harinegamesi, the divine commander of the foot troops; having called him, he spoke thus: (22)

'Well, now, beloved of the gods, it never has happened, &c. (§§ 17-20 are verbally repeated). (23-25)

'Therefore, go now and remove the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira from the brahmanical part, &c., and place the embryo of the Kshatriyani Trisala, &c.

(See § 21). Having done this, return quickly to report on the execution of my orders.' (26)

When Harinegamesi, the divine commander of the foot troops, was thus spoken to by Sakra, the chief and king of the gods, he-glad, pleased, and joyful, &c. (see § 15)-laid his folded hands on his head and modestly accepted the words of command, sayingn 'Just as your Majesty commands.' After this he left the presence of Sakra, the chief and king of the gods, and descended towards the northeastern quarter; then be transformed himself through his magical power of transformation, and stretched himself out for numerous Yoganas like a staff, (during which he seized) jewels, Vagra, Vaidurya, Lohitaksha, Masaragalla, Hamsagarbha, Pulaka, Saugandhika, Gyotisara, Añgana, Añganapulaka, Gatarupa, Subhaga, Sphatika, and Rishta; (of these precious materials) he rejected the gross particles, and retained the subtle particles. (27) Then for a second time he transformed himself through his magical power of transformation, and produced the definitive form (which gods adopt on entering the world of men); having done so, he passed with that excellent, hasty, trembling, active, impetuous, victorious, exalted, and quick divine motion of the gods right through numberless continents and oceans, and arrived in Gambudvipa, in Bharatavarsha, in the brahmanical part of the town Kundagrama, at the house of the Brahmana Rishabhadatta, where the Brahmani Devinanda dwelt. Having arrived there, he made his bow in the sight of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, and cast the Brahmani Devananda, together with her retinue, into a deep sleep; then he took off all unclean particles, and brought forth the clean particles, and saying, 'May the Venerable One permit me,' he took the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira in the folded palms of his hands without hurting him. Thus he went to the Kshatriya part of the town Kundagrama, to the house of the Kshatriya Siddhartha, where the Kshatriyani Trisala dwelt; he cast her and her attendants into a deep sleep, took off all unclean particles, and brought forth the clean particles, and placed the embryo of the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira in the womb of the Kshatriyani Trisala, and the embryo of the Kshatriyani Trisala he placed in the womb of the Brihmani Devinanda of the Gandhariyana gotra. Having done so, he returned in that direction in which he had come,. (28) With that excellent, &c. (see § 28), divine motion of the gods, he flew upwards right through numberless continents and oceans, taking thousands of Yoganas in each motion, and arrived in the Saudharma Kalpa, in the divine abode called Saudharma Avatamsaka, where Sakra, the chief and king of the gods, sat on the throne called Sakra, and reported to Sakra, the chief and king of the gods, on the execution of his orders.

In that period, in that age the knowledge of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was threefold; he knew that he was to be removed; he knew that he was removed; he knew not when he was being removed. (29)

In that period, in that age, on the thirteenth day of the third month of the rainy season, in the fifth fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Asvina, after the lapse of eighty-two days, on the eighty-third day current (since his conception), the embryo of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was, on the command of Sakra, safely removed by Harinegamesi from the womb of the Brahmani Devinanda to that of the Kshatriyani Trisala, in the middle of the night, when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Uttaraphalguni. (30)

End of the Second Lecture.
Third Lecture

In that night in which the embryo of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was removed from the womb of the Brahmani Devananda of the Galandharayana gotra, to that of the Kshatriyani Trisala of the Vaasishtha gotra, the former was on her couch taking fits of sleep in a state between sleeping and waking; and seeing that these fourteen illustrious, beautiful, lucky, blest, auspicious, fortunate, great dreams were taken from her by the Kshatriyini Trisala, she awoke. (31)

In that night in which the embryo of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira. was removed from the womb of the Brahmani Devananda of the Galandharayana, gotra to that of the Kshatriyani Trisala of the Vasishtha. gotra, the latter was in her dwelling-place, of which the interior was ornamented with pictures, and the outside whitewashed, furbished and cleansed, the brilliant surface of the ceiling was painted, the darkness was dispelled by jewels and precious stones, the floor was perfectly level and adorned with auspicious figures; which, moreover, was furnished with offerings of heaps of delicious, fragrant, strewn flowers of all five colours, was highly delightful through curling, scented fumes of black aloe, the finest Kundurukka and Turuslika [Different kinds of the resin of Boswellia], and burning frankincense; was exquisitely scented with fine perfumes, and turned as it were into a smelling-bottle; on a couch with a mattress of a man's length, with pillows at head and foot, raised on both sides and bollow in the middle, soft as if one walked on the sand of the banks of the Ganges, covered with the cloth of a robe of ornamented linen, containing a well-worked towel, and hung with red mosquito curtains, delightful, soft to the touch like fur, wadding, Pura [name of a tree], butter, or cotton, with all the comforts of a bed, such as fragrant, excellent flowers and sandal-powder-(in such a room and on such a bed Trisala was) taking fits of sleep between sleeping and waking, and having seen the following fourteen, &c. (see § 3), dreams, viz. an elephant, &c. (see § 4), she awoke. (32)

1. Then Trisala saw in her first dream a fine, enormous elephant, possessing all lucky marks, with strong thighs and four mighty tusks; who was whiter than an empty great cloud, or a heap of pearls, or the ocean of milk, or the moon-beams, or spray of water, or the silver mountain (Vaitadhya); whose temples were perfumed with fragrant musk-fluid, which attracted the bees; equalling in dimension the best elephant of the king of the gods (Airivata); uttering a fine deep sound like the thunder of a big and large rain-cloud. (33)

2. Then she saw a tame, lucky bull, of a whiter hue than that of the mass of petals of the white lotus, illumining all around by the diffusion of a glory of light; (a bull) whose lovely, resplendent, beautiful hump was delightful through the collection of its charms, whose glossy skin (was covered with) thin, fine, soft hairs; whose body was firm, well made, muscular, compact, lovely, well proportioned, and beautiful; -whose horns were large, round, excellently beautiful, greased at their tops, and pointed; whose teeth were all equal, shining, and pure. He foreboded innumerable good qualities. (34)

3. Then she saw a handsome, handsomely shaped, playful lion, jumping from the sky towards her face; a delightful and beautiful lion whiter than a heap of pearls, &c. (see § 33), who had strong and lovely fore-arms, and a mouth adorned with round, large, and well-set teeth; whose lovely lips, splendent through their proportions, and soft like a noble lotus, looked as if they were artificially ornamented; whose palate was soft and tender like the petals of the red lotus, and the top of whose tongue was protruding; whose eyes were like pure lightning, and revolved like red-hot excellent gold just poured out from the crucible; (a lion) with broad and large thighs, and with full and excellent shoulders, who was adorned with a mane of soft, white, thin, long hair of the finest quality; whose erect, well-shaped, and well-grown tail was flapping; the tops of whose nails were deeply set and sharp; whose beautiful tongue came out of his mouth like a shoot of beauty. (35)

4. Then she, with the face of the full moon, saw the goddess of famous beauty, Sri, on the top of Mount Himavat, reposing on a lotus in the lotus lake, anointed with the water from the strong and large trunks of the guardian elephants. She sat on a lofty throne. Her firmly placed feet resembled golden tortoises, and her dyed, fleshy, convex, thin, red, smooth nails were set in swelling muscles. Her hands and feet were like the leaves of the lotus, and her fingers and toes soft and excellent; her round and well-formed legs were adorned with the Kuruvindavarta [an ornament, according to the commentary], and her knees with dimples. Her fleshy thighs resembled the proboscis of an excellent elephant, and her lovely broad hips were encircled by a golden zone. Her large and beautiful belly was adorned by a circular navel, and contained a lovely row of hairs (black as) collyrium, bees, or clouds, straight, even, continuous, thin, admirable, handsome, soft, and downy. Her waist, which contained the three folds, could be encompassed with one hand. On all parts of her body shone ornaments and trinkets, composed of many jewels and precious stones, yellow and red gold. The pure cup-like pair of her breasts sparkled, encircled by a garland of Kunda flowers, in which glittered a string of pearls. She wore strings of pearls made by diligent and clever artists, shining with wonderful strings, a necklace of jewels with a string of Dinaras, and a trembling pair of earrings, touching her shoulders, diffused a brilliancy; but the united beauties and charms of these ornaments were only subservient to the loveliness of her face. Her lovely eyes were large and pure like the water lily. She sprinkled about the sap from two lotus flowers which she held in her splendid hands, and geacefully fanned herself. Her glossy, black, thick, smooth hair hung down in a braid. (36)

5. Then she saw, coming down from the firmament, a garland charmingly interwoven with fresh Mandara flowers. It spread the delicious smell of Kampaka [Michelia Champaka], Asoka [Jonesia Asoka], Naga [Mesua Roxburghii], Punnaga [Rottlera Tinctoria], Priyangu [Panicum Italicum], Sirisha [Acacia Sirisa], Mudgara [a species of jasmine], Mallika [Jasminum Zambac], Gati [Jasminum Grandiflorum], Yuthika [Jasminum Auriculatum], Ankolla [Alangium Hexapetalum], Korantakapatra [?], Damanaka [Artemisia Indica], Navamalika [Nykanthes or Jasminum Zambac], Bakula [Mimusops Elengi], Tilaka [Clerodendum Phlomoides or Symplocos Racemosa] Vasantika [Gaertnera Racemosa], Nuphar, Nymphaea, Patala [Bignonia Suaveolens] , Kunda [Fragrant Oleander], Atimukta [Disopyros Glutinos or Dalbergia Ougeinense] and Mango; and perfumed the ten divisions of the universe with its incomparably delightful fragrance. It was white through wreaths of fragrant flowers of all seasons, and brilliant through splendid, beautiful embellishments of many colours. Towards it came humming swarms of different kinds of bees, and filled with their sweet noise the whole neighbourhood.(37)

6. And the moon:white as cow-milk, foam, spray of water, or a silver cup, glorious, delighting heart and eyes, full, dispelling the compact darkness of the thickest wilderness, whose crescent shines at the end of the two halves of the month, opening the blossoms of the groups of Nymphaeas, adorning the night, resembling the surface of a well-polished mirror. She was of a white hue, like a flamingo, the stars' head-ornament, the quiver of Cupid's arrows, raising the waters of the ocean, burning as it were disconsolate people when absent from their sweethearts, the large, glorious, wandering headmark of the celestial sphere-beloved in heart and soul by Rohini. Such was the glorious, beautiful, resplendent full moon which the queen saw. (38)

7. Then she saw the large sun, the dispeller of the mass of darkness, him of radiant form, red like the Asoka, the open Kimsuka, the bill of a parrot, or the Guñgardha, the adorner of the lotus groups, the marker of the starry host, the lamp of the firmament, throttling as it were the mass of cold, the illustrious leader of the troop of planets, the destroyer of night, who only at his rising and setting may be well viewed, but (at all other times) is difficult to be regarded, who disperses evil-doers that stroll about at night, who stops the influence of cold, who always circles round Mount Meru, whose thousand rays obscure the lustre of other lights. (39)

8. Then she saw an extremely beautiful and very large flag, a sight for all people, of a form attractive to the beholders. It was fastened to a golden staff with a tuft of many soft and waving peacock's feathers of blue, red, yellow, and white colours, and seemed as if it would pierce the brilliant, celestial sphere, with the brilliant lion on its top, who was white like crystal, pearlmother, Anka-stone, Kunda-flowers, spray-6f water, or a silver cup. (40)

9. Then she saw a full vase of costly metal splendent with fine gold, filled with pure water, excellent, of brilliant beauty, and shining with a bouquet of water lilies. It united niany excellencies and all-auspicious marks, and stood on a lotus (shaped foot), shining with excellent jewels. It delighted the eyes, glittered and illumined all about; it was the abode of happy Fortune, free from all faults, fine, splendid, exquisitely beautiful, entwined with a xyreath of fragrant flowers of all seasons. (41)

10. Then she saw a lake, called Lotus Lake, adorned with water lilies. Its yellow water was perfumed by lotuses opening in the rays of the morning sun; it abounded with swarms of aquatic animals, and fed fishes. It was large, and seemed to burn through the wide-spreading, glorious beauty of all kinds of lotuses. Its shape and beauty were pleasing. The lotuses in it were licked by whole swarms of gay bees and mad drones. Pairs of swans, cranes, Kakravakas, ducks, Indian cranes, and many other lusty birds resorted to its waters, and on the leaves of its lotuses sparkled water-drops like pearls. It was a sight, pleasing to the heart and the eye. (42)

Then she whose face was splendid like the moon in autumn, saw the milk-ocean, equalling in beauty the breast of Lakshmi, which is white like the mass of moon-beams. Its waters increased in all four directions, and raged with ever-changing and, moving, excessively high waves. It presented a splendid and pleasant spectacle as it rushed to and from the shore with its wind-raised, changeable, and moving billows, its tossing waves, and its rolling, splendid, transparent breakers. From it issued camphor-white foam under the lashing (tails) of great porpoises, fishes, whales, and other monsters of the deep. Its agitated waters were in great uproar, occasioned by the vortex Gangavarta, which the vehemence and force of the great rivers produced; they rose, rushed onwards and backwards, and eddied. (43)

12. Then she saw a celestial abode excelling among the best of its kind, like the lotus (among flowers). It shone like the morning sun's disk, and was of a dazzling beauty. Its thousand and eight excellent columns (inlaid with) the best gold and heaps of jewels diffused a brilliant light like a heavenly lamp, and the pearls fastened to its curtains glittered. It was hung with brilliant divine garlands, and decorated with pictures of wolves, bulls, horses, men, dolphins, birds, snakes, Kinnaras, deer, Sarabhas, Yaks, Samsaktas, elephants, shrubs, and plants. There the Gandharvas performed their concerts, and the din of the drums of the gods, imitating the sound of big and large rain-clouds, penetrated the whole inhabited world. It was highly delightful through curling,, scented fumes of black aloe, the finest Kundurukka and Turushka, burning frankincense and other perfumes. It (shed) continuous light, was white, of excellent lustre, delighting the best of gods, and affording joy and pleasure. (44)

13. Then she saw an enormous heap of jewels containing Pulaka, Vagra, Indranila, Sasyaka, Karketana, Lohitaksha, Marakata, Prabala, Saugandhika, Sphatika, Hamsagarbha, Añgana, and Kandrakanta. Its base was on the level of the earth, and it illumined with its jewels even the sphere of the sky. It was high and resembled Mount Meru. (45)

14. And a fire. She saw a fire in vehement motion, fed with much-shining and honey-coloured ghee, smokeless, crackling, and extremely beautiful with its burning flames. The mass of its flames, which rose one above the other, seemed to interpenetrate each other, and the blaze of its flames appeared to bake the firmament in some places. (46)

After having seen these fine, beautiful, lovely, handsome dreams, the lotus-eyed queen awoke on her bed while the hair of her body bristled for joy.

Every mother of a Tirthakara sees these fourteen dreams in that night in which the famous Arhat enters her womb. (46 b)

End of the Third Lecture.
Fourth Lecture

When the Kshatriyani Trisala, having seen these fourteen illustrious, great dreams, awoke, she was glad, pleased, and joyful, &c. (see § 5, down to) rose from her couch, and descended from the footstool. Neither hasty nor trembling, with a quick and even gait like that of the royal swan, she went to the couch of the Kshatriya Siddhartha. There she awakened the Kshatriya Siddhartha, addressing him with kind, Pleasing, amiable, tender, illustrious, beautiful, lucky, blest, auspicious, fortunate, heart-going, heart-easing, well-measured, sweet, and soft words. (47)

Then the Kshatriyani Trisala, with the permission of king Siddhartha, sat down on a chair of state inlaid with various jewels and precious stones in the form of arabesques; calm and composed, sitting on an excellent, comfortable chair, she addressed him with kind, pleasing, &c. (see last paragraph), words, and spoke thus: (48)

'O beloved of the gods, I was just now on my couch (as described in § 32), &c. (see § 5), and awoke after having seen the fourteen dreams; to wit, an elephant, &c. What, to be sure, O my lord, will be the happy result portended by these fourteen illustrious, great dreams?' (49)

When the Kshatriya Siddhartha had heard and perceived this news from the Kshatriyani Trisala, he glad, pleased, -and joyful, &c. (see § 5, down to) firmly fixed the dreams in his mind, and entered upon considering them; he grasped the meaning of those dreams with his own innate intelligence and intuition which were preceded by reflection, and addressing the Kshatriyani Trisala with kind, pleasing, &c., words, spoke thus: (50)

'O beloved of the gods, you have seen illustrious dreams, &c. (see § 9, down to) you will give birth to a lovely, handsome boy, who will be the ensign of our family, the lamp of our family, the crown of our family, the frontal ornament of our family, the maker of our family's glory, the sun of our family, the stay of our family, the maker of our family's joy and fame, the tree of our family, the exalter of our family; (a boy) with tender hands and feet, &c. (see § 9, down to the end). (51) And this boy, after having passed childhood, and, with just ripened intellect, having reached the state of youth, will become a brave, gallant, and valorous king, the lord of the realm, with a large and extensive army and train of waggons. (52) Therefore, O beloved of the gods, you have seen illustrious, &c., dreams, &c. (see § 9).'

In this way he repeatedly expressed his extreme satisfaction.

When the Kshatriyani Trisala had heard and perceived this news from king Siddhirtha, she glad, pleased, and joyful, &c. (See § 12, down to) and spoke thus: (53)

'That is so, O beloved of the gods, &c. (see § 13, down to) as you have pronounced it.'

Thus saying she accepted the true meaning of the dreams, and with the permission of king Siddhartha she rose from her chair of state, inlaid with various jewels and precious stones in the form of arabesques. She then returned to her own bed, neither hasty nor trembling, with a quick and even gait like that of the royal swan, and spoke thus: (54)

'These my excellent and pre-eminent dreams shall not be counteracted by other bad dreams.'

Accordingly she remained awake to save her dreams by means of (hearing) good, auspicious, pious, agreeable stories about gods and religious men. (55)

At the time of daybreak the Kshatriya Siddhirtha called his family servants and spoke thus: (56)

'Now, beloved of the gods, quickly make ready, or have made ready, the exterior hall of audience; see that it be sprinkled with scented water, cleaned, swept, and newly smeared, furnished with offerings of fragrant, excellent flowers of all five colours, made highly delightful through curling scented fumes, &c. (see § 32, down to) and turned, as it were, into a smelling box; also erect my throne, and having done this quickly return, and report on the execution of my orders.' (57)

When the family servants were thus spoken to by king Siddhartha, they--glad, pleased, and joyful, &c. (See § 12, down to) on their heads, and modestly accepted the words of command, saying, 'Yes, master!' Then they left the presence of the Kshatriya Siddhartha, and went to the exterior hall of audience, made it ready, and erected the throne (as described in the last paragraph). Having done this, they returned to the Kshatriya Siddhirtha; joining the palms of their hands so as to bring, the ten nails together, laid the folded hands on their heads, and reported on the execution of their orders. (58)

Early at the wane of the night, when the bright morning disclosed the soft flowers of the full-blown lotuses and Nymphaeas, rose the sun: he was red like the Asoka, the open Kimsuka, the bill of a parrot or the Guñgardha; of an intense redness like that of the Bandhugivaka [Penatpetes Phoenicea], the feet and eyes of the turtle dove, the scarlet eyes of the Indian cuckoo, a mass of China roses, or vermilion. He, the thousand-rayed maker of the day, shining in his radiance, awakened the groups of lotuses. When in due time the god of the day had risen and by the blows of his hands (or rays) the darkness was driven away, while the inhabited world was, as it were, dipped in saffron by the morning sun, the Kshatriya Siddhartha rose from his bed, (59) descended from the footstool, went to the hall for gymnastic exercises, and entered it. There he applied himself to many wholesome exercises, jumped, wrestled, fenced, and fought till he got thoroughly tired: then he was anointed with hundredfold and thousandfold refined different kinds of oil, which nourished, beautified, invigorated, exhilarated, strengthened, and increased all senses and limbs. On an oiled hide he was shampooed by clever men with soft and tender palms of the hands and soles of the feet, who were well acquainted with the best qualities of the practices of anointing, kneading, and stretching; well trained, skilful, excellent, expert, intelligent, and never tiring. When by this fourfold agreeable treatment of the body the king's bones, flesh, skin, and hair had been benefited, and his fatigues banished, he left the hall for gymnastic exercises, (60) and entered the bathing-house. The pleasant bathing-room was very agreeable, and contained many windows, ornamented with pearls; its floor was decorated with mosaic of various jewels and precious stones. On the bathing-stool, inlaid with various jewels and precious stones in the form of arabesques, he comfortably sat down and bathed himself with water scented with flowers and perfumes, with tepid water and pure water, according to an excellent method of bathing, combined with healthy exercises. When this healthy excellent bathing under many hundred fold pleasures was over, he dried his body with a long-haired, soft, scented, and coloured towel, put on a new and costly excellent robe, rubbed himself with fresh and fragrant Gosirsha [a superior kind of sandal] and sandal, and ornamented himself with fine wreaths and sandal-ointment. He put on (ornaments) of jewels and pearls, hung round his neck fitting necklaces of eighteen, nine, and three strings of pearls, and one with a pearl pendant, and adorned himself with a zone. He put on a collar, rings, and charming ornaments of the hair, and encumbered his arms with excellent bracelets:. he was of excessive beauty. His face was lighted up by earrings, and his head by a diadem; his breast was adorned and decked with necklaces, and his fingers were, as it were, gilded by his rings. His upper garment of fine cloth contained swinging pearl pendants. He put on, as an emblem of his undefeated knighthood, glittering, well-made, strong, excellent, beautiful armlets, made by clever artists of spotless and costly jewels, gold, and precious stones of many kinds. In short, the king was like the tree granting all desires, decorated and ornamented; an umbrella, hung with wreaths and garlands of Korinta flowers, was held above him. He was fanned with white excellent chowries, while his appearance was greeted with auspicious shouts of victory. Surrounded by many chieftains, satraps, kings, princes, knights, sheriffs, heads of families, ministers, chief ministers, astrologers, counsellors, servants, dancing masters, citizens, traders, merchants, foremen of guilds, generals, leaders of caravans, messengers, and frontier-guards, he-the lord and chief of men, a bull and a lion among men, shining with excellent lustre and glory, lovely to behold like the moon emerging from a great white cloud in the midst of the flock of the planets and of brilliant stars and asterisms-left the bathing-house, (61) entered the exterior hail of audience and sat down on his throne with the face towards the east. (62)

On the north-eastern side he ordered eight state chairs, covered with cloth and auspiciously decorated with white mustard, to be set down. Not too far from and not too near to himself, towards the interior of the palace, he had a curtain drawn. It was adorned with different jewels and precious stones, extremely worth seeing, very costly, and manufactured in a famous town; its soft cloth was all over covered with hundreds of patterns and decorated with pictures of wolves, bulls, horses, men, dolphins, birds, snakes, Kinnaras, deer, Sarabhas, Yaks, Samsaktas, elephants, shrubs, and plants. Behind it he ordered to be placed, for the Kshatriyani Trisala, an excellent chair of state, decorated with arabesques of different jewels and precious stones, outfitted with a coverlet and a soft pillow, covered with a white cloth, very soft and agreeable to the touch. Then he called the family servants and spoke thus: (63)

'Quickly, O beloved of the gods, call the interpreters of dreams who well know the science of prognostics with its eight branches, and are well versed in many sciences besides!'

When the family servants were thus spoken to by king Siddhartha, they-glad, pleased, and joyful, &c.-laid the folded hands on their heads and modestly accepted the words of command, saying, 'Yes, master!' (64)

Then they left the presence of the Kshatriya Siddhartha, went right through the town Kundapura to the houses of the interpreters of dreams, and called the interpreters of dreams. (65)

Then the interpreters of dreams, being called by the Kshatriya Siddhartha's family servants, glad, pleased, and joyful, &c., bathed, made the offering (to the house-gods), performed auspicious rites and expiatory acts, put on excellent, lucky, pure court-dress, adorned their persons with small but costly ornaments, and put, for the sake of auspiciousness, white mustard and Durva grass on their heads. Thus they issued from their own houses and went right through the Kshatriya part of the town Kundapura to the front gate of king Siddhirtha's excellent palace, a jewel of its kind. (66)

There they assembled and went to the exterior hall of audience in the presence of the Kshatriya Siddhartha. joining the palms of their hands so as to bring the ten nails together, they laid the folded hands on their heads and gave him the greeting of victory. (67)

The king Siddhartha saluted and honoured the interpreters of dreams, made them presents, and received them with respect. They sat down, one after the other, on the chairs of state which had been placed there before. (68) Then the Kshatriya Siddhartha, placed his wife Trisala behind the curtain, and taking flowers and fruits in his hands, addressed with utmost courtesy the interpreters of dreams: (69)

'O beloved of the gods, the Kshatriyani Trisala was just on her couch, &c. (see § 32, down to the end). -(70 and 71) What to be sure, O beloved of the gods, will be the result portended by these fourteen illustrious great dreams?' (72)

When the interpreters of dreams had heard and perceived this news from the Kshatriya Siddhartha, they-glad, pleased, and joyful, &c.-fixed the dreams in their minds, entered upon considering them, and conversed together. (73)

Having found, grasped, discussed, decided upon, and clearly understood the meaning of these dreams, they recited before king Siddhartha, the dream-books and spoke thus:

'O beloved of the gods, in our dream-books are enumerated forty-two (common) dreams and thirty great dreams. Now, O beloved of the gods, the mothers of universal monarchs or of Arhats wake up after seeing these fourteen great dreams out of the thirty great dreams, when the embryo of a universal monarch or an Arhat enters their womb; (74) viz. an elephant, a bull, &c. (75) The mothers of Visudevas wake up after seeing any seven great dreams out of these fourteen great dreams, when the embryo of a Visudeva enters their womb. (76) The mothers of Baladevas wake up after seeing any four great dreams out of these fourteen great dreams, when the embryo of a Baladeva enters their womb. (77) The mother of Mandalikas wake up after seeing a single great dream out of these fourteen great dreams, when the embryo of a Mandalika enters their womb. (78) Now, O beloved of the gods, the Kshatriyani Trisala has seen these fourteen great dreams, &c. (see § 51, down to the end). (79) And this boy, &c. (see § 52, down to) the lord of a realm with a large and extensive army and train of waggons, a universal emperor or a Gina, the lord of the three worlds, the universal emperor of the law. (80). Therefore, O beloved of the gods, the Kshatriyani Trisala has seen illustrious dreams,' &c. (see § 9). (81)

When king Siddhartha had heard and perceived this news from the interpreter of dreams, he-glad, pleased, and joyful, &c.-spoke to them thus: (82)

'That is so, O beloved of the gods, &c. (see § 11, down to) as you have pronounced it.'

Thus saying he accepted the true meaning of the dreams, and honoured the interpreters of dreams with praise and plenty of food, flowers, perfumes, garlands, and ornaments. He made them a present in keeping with their station in life [or a life annuity] and dismissed them. (83)

After this the Kshatriya Siddhartha rose from his throne, went to the Kshatriyani Trisala behind the curtain, and addressed her thus: (84)

' Now, O beloved of the gods, you have seen these fourteen great dreams, &c. (see § 79, 80, down to) emperor of the law.' (85, 86)

When the Kshatriyani Trisald had heard and perceived this news, she-glad, pleased, and joyful, &c.-accepted the true meaning of the dreams. (87) With the permission of king Siddhirtha she rose from her chair of state which was decorated with arabesques of various jewels and precious stones, and returned to her own apartments, neither hasty nor trembling, with a quick and even gait like that of the royal swan. (88)

From that moment in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was brought into the family of the Gñatris, many demons in Vaisramana's service, belonging to the animal world, brought, on Sakras command, to the palace of king Siddhartha, old and ancient treasures, of which the owners, deponers, and families to whom they originally belonged were dead and extinct, and which were hidden in villages, or mines, or scot-free towns, or towns with earth walls, or towns with low walls, or isolated towns, or towns accessible by land and water, or towns accessible either by land or by water only, or in natural strongholds, or in halting-places for processions or for caravans, in triangular places, or in places where three or four roads meet, or in courtyards, or squares, or high roads, or on the site of villages or towns, or in drains of villages or towns, or in bazaars, or temples, or assembling halls, or wells, or parks, or gardens, or woods, or groves, or burying-places, or empty houses, or mountain caves, or hermits' cells, or secret places between walls, or in houses on an elevation, or houses for audience, or palaces. (89)

In the night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was brought into the family of the Gñatris their silver increased, their gold increased; their riches, corn, majesty, and kingdom increased; their army, train, treasure, storehouse, town, seraglio, subjects, and glory increased; their real valuable property, as riches, gold, precious stones, jewels, pearls, conches, stones, corals, rubies, &c., the intensity of their popularity and liberality highly increased. At that time the following personal, reflectional, desirable idea occurred to parents of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira: (90)

'From the inoment that this our boy has been begotten, our silver increased, our gold increased, &c. (see § 90, down to) the intensity of our liberality and popularity highly increased. Therefore when this our boy will be born, we shall give him the fit name, attributive and conformable to his quality Vardhamana [the Increasing One].' (91)

Now the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, out of compassion for his mother, did not move nor stir nor quiver, but remained quiet, stiff, and motionless. Then the following, &c. (see § go, down to) idea occurred to the mind of theKshatriyani Trisala: 'The fruit of my womb has been taken from me, it has died, it is fallen, it is lost. Formerly it moved, now it does -not move.' Thus with anxious thoughts and ideas, plunged in a sea of sorrow and misery, reposing her head on her hand, overcome by painful reflections, and casting her eyes, on the ground she meditated. And in the palace,of king Siddhartha the music of drums and stringed instruments, the clapping of hands, the dramatical performances, and the amusements of the people ceased, and mournful dejection reigned there. (92)

Then the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, knowing that such an internal, &c. (see § 90, down to) idea had occurred to the mind of his mother, he quivered a little. (93)

Feeling her child quivering, trembling, moving, and stirring, the Kshatriyani Trisala-glad, pleased, and joyful, &c.-spoke thus: 'No, forsooth, the fruit of my womb has not been taken from me, it has not died, it is not fallen, it is not lost. Formerly it did not move, but now it does move.' Thus she was glad, pleased, and joyful, &c.

Then the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, while in her womb, formed the following resolution: 'It will not behove me, during the life of my parents, to tear out my hair, and leaving the house to enter the state of houselessness.' (94)

Bathing, making offerings to the house-gods, performing auspicious rites and expiatory acts, and adorning herself with all ornaments, the Kshatriyani Trisala kept off sickness, sorrow, fainting, fear, and fatigue by food ,and clothing, perfumes and garlands, which were not too cold nor too hot, not too bitter nor too pungent, not too astringent nor too sour nor too sweet, not too smooth nor too rough, not too wet nor too dry, but all just suiting the season. In the proper place and time she ate only such food which was good, sufficient, and healthy for the nourishment of her child. She took her walks in places which were empty and agreeable as well as delightful to the mind; her desires were laudable, fulfilled, honoured, not disregarded, but complied with and executed; she most comfortably dozed, reposed, remained, sat, and laid on unobjectionable and soft beds and seats, and thus most comfortably carried her unborn child. (95)

In that period, in that age the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira-after the lapse of nine months and seven and a half days, in the first month of summer, in the second fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Kaitra, on its fourteenth day, [while all planets were in their exaltations, the moon in her principal conjunction, and the sky in all its directions clear, bright, and pure; while a favourable and agreeable, low wind swept the earth; at the time when the fields were green and all people glad and amusing themselves] in the middle of the night while the moon was in conjunction with the asterism UttaraphaIguni (Trisala), perfectly healthy herself, gave birth to a perfectly healthy boy- (96)

End of the Fourth Lecture.
Fifth Lecture

In that night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was born, there was a divine lustre originated by many descending and ascending gods and goddesses, and in the universe, resplendent with one light, the conflux of gods occasioned great confusion and noise. (97)

In that night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was born, many demons in Vaisramana's service belonging to the animal world, rained down on the palace of king Siddhartha one great shower of silver, gold, diamonds, clothes, ornaments, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, garlands, perfumes, sandal, powder, and riches. (98)

After the Bhavanapati, Vyantara, Gyotishka, and Vaimanika gods had celebrated the feast of the inauguration of the Tirthakara's birthday, the Kshatriya Siddhartha called, at the break of the morning, together tht: town policemen and addressed them thus: (99)

'O beloved of the gods, quickly set free all prisoners in the town of Kundapura, increase measures and weights, give order that the whole town of Kundapura with its suburbs be sprinkled with water, swept, and smeared (with cowdung, &c.) that in triangular places, in places where three or four roads meet, in courtyards, in squares, and in thoroughfares, the middle of the road and the path along the shops be sprinkled, cleaned, and swept; that platforms be erected one above the other; that the town be decorated with variously coloured flags and banners, and adorned with painted pavilions; that the walls bear impressions in Gosirsha, fresh red sandal, and Dardara [sandal from Dardara] of the hand with outstretched fingers; that luck-foreboding vases be put on the floor, and pots of the same kind be disposed round every door and arch; that big, round, and long garlands, wreaths, and festoons be hung low and high; that the town be furnished with offerings, &c. (see § 32, down to) smelling box; that players, dancers, rope-dancers, wrestlers, boxers, jesters, story-telling ballad-singers, actors, messengers, pole-dancers, fruit-mongers, bag-pipers, lute-players, and many Talakaras [those who by clapping the hands beat the time during the performance of music] be present. Erect and order to erect thousands of pillars and poles, and report on the execution of my orders.' (100)

When the family servants wre thus spoken to by king Siddhartha, they-glad, pleased, and joyful, &c. (see § 58)-accepted the words of command, saying, 'Yes, master!'

Then they set free all prisoners, &c. (see § 100 down to) pillars and poles. Having done this, they returned to king Siddhartha, and laying their hands on their heads, reported on the execution of his orders. (101)

The. king Siddhirtha then went to the hall for gymnastic exercises, &c. (see §§ 60 and 61). (After having bathed) the king accompanied by his whole seraglio, and adorned with flowers, scented robes, garlands, and ornaments, held during ten days the festival in celebration of the birth of a heir to his kingdom; (it was held) under the continuous din and sound of trumpets, with great state and splendour, with a great train of soldiers, vehicles. and guests, under the sound, din, and noise of conches, cymbals, drums, castanets, horns, small drums, kettle drums, Muragas, Mridangas, and Dundubhis [three kinds of drums], which were accompanied at the same time by trumpets. The customs, taxes, and confiscations were released, buying and selling prohibited, no policemen were allowed to enter houses, great and small fines were remitted, and debts cancelled. Numberless excellent actors performed and many Talakaras were present, drums sounded harmoniously, fresh garlands and wreaths were seen everywhere, and the whole population in the town and in the country rejoiced and was in full glee. (102)

When the ten days of this festival were over, the king Siddhartha gave and ordered to be given hundreds and thousands and hundred-thousands of offerings to the gods, gifts, and portions (of goods); he received and ordered to be received hundreds, thousands, and hundred-thousands of presents. (103)

The parents of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira celebrated the birth of their heir on the first day, on the third day they showed him the sun and the moon, on the sixth day they observed the religious vigil; after the eleventh day, when the impure operations and ceremonies connected with the birth of a child had been performed, and the twelfth day had come, they prepared plenty of food, drink, spices, and sweetmeats, invited their friends, relations, kinsmen, agnates, cognates, and followers, together with the Gñatrika Kshatriyas. Then they bathed, made offerings (to the house-gods), and performed auspicious rites and expiatory acts, put on excellent, lucky, pure court-dress, and adorned their persons with small but costly ornaments. At -dinner-time they sat down on excellent, comfortable chairs in the dining-hall, and together with their friends, relations, kinsmen, agnates, cognates and followers, and with the Gñatrika Kshatriyas they partook, ate, tasted, and interchangred (bits) of a Iarge collation of food, drink, spices, and sweetmeats. (104)

After dinner they went (to the meeting hall) after having cleansed their mouths and washed; when perfectly clean, they regaled and honoured their friends, &c. (see § 104, down to) Gñatrika Kshatriyas with many flowers, clothes, perfumes, garlands,and ornaments. Then they spoke thus to their friends, &c.: (105)

'Formerly,O beloved of the gods, when we had begotten this our boy, the following personal, reflectional, desirable idea occurred to our mind: "From the moment that this our boy has been begotten, our silver increased, our gold increased, &c. (see § 91, down to) Vardhamana. Now our wishes have been fulfilled, therefore shall the name of our boy be Vardhamana."' (106,107)

The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira belonged to the Kasyapa gotra. His three names have thus been recorded - by his parents he was called Vardhamana; because he is devoid of love and hate, he is called Sramana (i. e. Ascetic); because he stands fast in midst of dangers and fears, patiently bears hardships and calamities, adheres to the chosen rules of penance, is wise, indifferent to pleasure and pain, rich in control, and gifted with fortitude, the name Venerable Ascetic Mahavira has been given him by the gods. (108)

The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira's father belonged to the Kasyapa gotra; he had three names: Siddhartha, Sreyamsa, and Gasamsa, &c. (see Akaraga Sutra II, 15, § 15, down to) Seshavati and Yasovati. (109)

The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira -clever, with the aspirations of a clever man, of great beauty, controlling (his senses), lucky, and modest; a Gñatri Kshatriya, the son of a Gñatri Kshatriya; the moon of the clan of the Gñatris; a Videha, the son of Videhadatta, a native of Videha, a prince of Videha-had lived thirty years in Videha when his parents went to the world of the gods (i. e. died), and he with the permission of his elder brother and the authorities of the kingdom fulfilled his promise. At that moment the Laukantika gods, following the established custom, praised and hymned him with these kind, pleasing, &c. (see § 47, down to) sweet, and soft words: (110)

'Victory, victory to thee, gladdener of the world! Victory, victory to thee, lucky one! Luck to thee, bull of the best Kshatriyas! Awake, reverend lord of the world! Establish the religion of the law which benefits all living beings in the whole universe! It will bring supreme benefit to all living beings in all the world!'

Thus they raised the shout of victory. (111)

Before the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira had adopted the life of a householder (i.e. before his marriage) he possessed supreme, unlimited, unimpeded knowledge and intuition. The Venerable Ascetic Mahivira perceived with this his supreme unlimited knowledge and intuition that the time for his Renunciation had come. He left his silver, he left his gold, he left his riches, corn, majesty, and kingdom; his army, grain, treasure, storehouse, town, seraglio, and subjects; he quitted and rejected his real, valuable property, such as riches, gold, precious stones, jewels, pearls, conches, stones, corals, rubies, &c.; he distributed presents through proper persons, he distributed presents among indigent persons. (112)

In that period, in that age, in the first month of winter, in the first fortnight, in the dark (fortnight) of Margasiras, on its tenth day, when the shadow had turned towards the east and the (first) Paurushi was full and over, on the day called Suvrata, in the Muhurta called Vigaya, in the palankin Kandraprabha, (Mahivira) was followed on his way by a train of gods, men, and Asuras, (and surrounded) by a swarm of shell-blowers, proclaimers, pattivallas, courtiers, men carrying others on the back, heralds, and bell bearers. They praised and hymned him with these kind, pleasing, &c. (see § 47, down to) sweet and soft words: O 13)

'Victory, victory to thee, gladdener of the world! Victory to thee, lucky one! Luck to thee! with undisturbed knowledge, intuition, and good conduct conquer the unconquered Senses; defend the conquered Law of the Sramanas; Majesty, conquering all obstacles, live in Perfection; put down with thy devotion Love and Hate, the (dangerous) wrestlers; vigorously gird thy loins with constancy and overcome the eight Karmans, our foes, with supreme, pure meditation; heedful raise the banner of content, O Hero! in the arena of the three worlds gain the supreme, best knowledge, called Kevala, which is free from obscurity; obtain the pre-eminent highest rank (i. e. final liberation) on that straight road which the best Ginas have taught; beat the army of obstacles! Victory, victory to thee, bull of the best Kshatriyas!

Many days, many fortnights, many months, many seasons, many half-years, many years be not afraid of hardships and calamities, patiently bear dangers and fears; be free from obstacles in the practice of the law!'

Thus they raised the shout of victory. (114)

Then the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira-gazed on by a circle of thousands of eyes, praised by a circle of thousands of mouths, extolled by a circle of thousands of hearts, being the object of many thousands of wishes, desired because of his splendour, beauty, and virtues, pointed out by a circle of thousands of forefingers, answering with (a, salam) of his right hand a circle of thousands of joined hands of thousands of men and women, passing along -a row of thousands of palaces, greeted by sweet and delightful music, as beating of time, performance on the Vina, Turya, and the great drum, in which joined shouts of victory, and the low and pleasing murmur of the people; accompanied by all his pomp, all his splendour, all his army, all his train, by all his retinue- by all his magnificence, by all his grandeur, by all his ornaments, by all the tumult, by all the throng, by all subjects, by all actors, by all timebeaters, by the whole seraglio; adorned with flowers, scented robes, garlands, and ornaments, &c. (see § 102, down to) which were accompanied at the same time by trumpets-went right through Kundapura to a park called the Shandavana of the Gñatris and proceeded to the excellent tree Asoka. (115) There under the excellent tree Asoka he caused his palankin to stop, descended from his palankin, took off his ornaments, garlands, and finery with his own hands, and with his own bands plucked out his hair in five handfuls. When the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Uttaraphalguni, he, after fasting two and a half days' without drinking water, put on a divine robe, and quite alone, nobody else being present, he tore out his hair and leaving the house entered the state of houselessness. (116)

The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira for a year anda month wore clothes; after that time he walked about naked, and accepted the alms in the hollow of his hand. For more than twelve years the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira neglected his body and abandoned the care of it; he with equanimity bore, underwent, and suffered all pleasant or unpleasant occurrences arising from divine powers, men, or animals. (117)

Henceforth the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was houseless, circumspect in his walking, circumspect in his speaking, circumspect in his begging, circumspect in his accepting (anything), in the carrying of his outfit and drinking vessel; circumspect in evacuating excrements, urine, saliva, mucus, and uncleanliness of the body; circumspect in his thoughts, circumspect in his words, circumspect in his acts; guarding his thoughts, guarding his words, guarding his acts, guarding his senses, guarding his chastity; without wrath, without pride, without deceit, without greed; calm, tranquil, composed, liberated, free from temptations, without egoism, without property; he had cut off all earthly ties, and was not stained by any worldliness: as water does not adhere to a copper vessel, or collyrium to mother of pearl (so sins found no place in him); his course was unobstructed like that of Life; like the firmament he wanted no support; like the wind he knew no obstacles; his heart was pure like the water (of rivers or tanks) in autumn; nothing could soil him like the leaf of a lotus; his senses were well protected like those of a tortoise; he was single and alone like the horn of a rhinoceros; he was free like a bird; he was always waking like the fabulous bird Bharundal, valorous like an elephant, strong like a bull, difficult to attack like a lion, steady and firm like Mount Mandara, deep like the ocean, mild like the moon, refulgent like the sun, pure like excellent gold'; like the earth he patiently bore everything; like a well-kindled fire he shone in his splendour.

These words have been summarized in two verses:

A vessel, mother of pearl, life, firmament, wind, water in autumn, leaf of lotus, a tortoise, a bird, a rhinoceros, and Bhirunda; I

An elephant, a bull, a lion, the king of the mountains, and the ocean unshaken-tbe moon, the sun, gold, the earth, well-kindled fire. II

There were no obstacles anywhere for the Venerable One. The obstacles have been declared to be of four kinds, viz. with regard to matter, space, time, affects. With regard to matter: in things animate, inanimate, and of a mixed state, with regard to space: in a village or a town or in a wood or in a field or a threshing-floor or a house' or a court-yard; with regard to time: in a Samayas or an Avalika or in the time of a respiration or in a Stoka or in a Kshana or in a Lava or in a Muhurta or in a day or in a fortnight or in a month or in a season or in a half year or in a year or in a long space of time; with regard to affects: in wrath or in pride or in deceit or in greed or in fear or in mirth or in love or in hate or in quarrelling or in calumny or in tale-bearing or in scandal or in pleasure or pain or in deceitful falsehood, &c. (all down to) or in the evil of wrong belief. There was nothing of this kind in the Venerable One. (118)

The Venerable One lived, except in the rainy season, all the eight months of summer and winter, in villages only a single night, in towns only five nights; he was indifferent alike to the smell of ordure and of sandal, to straw and jewels, dirt and gold, pleasure and pain, attached neither to this world nor to that beyond, desiring neither life nor death, arrived at the other shore of the sams.Ara, and he exerted himself for the suppression of the defilement of Karman. (119)

With supreme knowledge, with supreme intuition, with supreme conduct, in blameless lodgings, in blameless wandering, with supreme valour, with supreme uprightness, with supreme mildness, with supreme dexterity, with supreme patience, with supreme freedom from passions, with supreme control, with supreme contentment, with supreme understanding, on the supreme path to final liberation, which is the fruit of veracity, control, penance, and good conduct, the Venerable One meditated on himself for twelve years.

During the thirteenth year, in the second month of summer, in the fourth fortnight, the light (fortnight) of Vaisakha, on its tenth day, when the shadow had turned towards the east and the first wake was over, on the day called Suvrata, in the Muhurta called Vigaya, outside of the town Grimbhikagrama on the bank of the river Rigupalika, not far from an old temple, in the field of the householder Samaga, under a Sal tree, when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Uttaraphalguni, (theVenerable One) in a squatting position with joined heels, exposing himself to the heat of the sun, after fasting two and a half days without drinking water, being engaged in deep meditation, reached the highest knowledge and intuition, called Kevala, which is infinite, supreme, unobstructed, unimpeded, complete, and full. (120)

When the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira had become a Gina and Arhat, he was a Kevalin, omniscient and comprehending all objects; he knew and saw all conditions of the world, of gods, men, and demons: whence they come, whither they go, whether they are born as men or animals (kyavana) or become gods or hell-beings (upapada), the ideas, the thoughts of their minds, the food, doings, desires, the open and secret deeds of all the living beings in the whole world; he the Arhat, for whom there is no secret, knew and saw all conditions of all living beings in the world, what they thought, rpoke, or did at any moment. (121)

In that period, in that age the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira stayed the first raimy season in Asthikagrama, three rainy seasons in Kampi and Prishtikampi, twelve in Vaisali and Vanigagrima, fourteen in Ragagriha and the suburbs of Nalanda, six in Mithila, two in Bhadrika, one in Alabhika, one in Panitabhumi one in Sravasti, one i.n the town of Papa in king Hastipala's office of the writers: that was his very last rainy season. (122)

In the fourth month of that rainy season, in the seventh fortnight, in the dark (fortnight) of Karttika, on its fifteenth day, in the last night, in the town of Papa, in king Hastipala's office of the writers, the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira died, went off, quitted the world, cut asunder the ties of birth, old age, and death; became a Siddha, a Buddha, a Mukta, a maker of the end (to all misery), finally liberated, freed from all pains. (123)

This occurred in the year called Kandra, the second (of the lustrum); in the month called Pritivardhana; in the fortnight Nandivardhana; on the day Suvratagni, surnamed Upasama; in the night called Devinanda, surnamed Nirriti; in the Lava called Arkya; in the respiration called Mukta; in the Stoka called Siddha; in the Karana called Naga; in the Muhurta called Sarvirthasiddha; while the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Svati he died, &c. (see above, all down to) freed from all pains. (124)

That night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains, was lighted up by many descending and ascending gods. (125)

In that night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains, a great confusion and noise was originated by many descending and ascending gods. (126)

In that night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains, his oldest disciple, the monk Indrabhuti of the Gautama gotra, cut asunder the tie of friendship which he had for his master, and obtained the highest knowledge and intuition, called Kevala, which is infinite, supreme, &c., complete, and full. (127)

In that night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains, the eighteen confederate kings of Kasi and Kosala, the nine Mallakis and nine Likkhavis, on the day of new moon, instituted an illuminations on the Poshadha, which was a fasting day; for they said: 'Since the light of intelligence is gone, let us make an illumination of material matter!' (128)

In that night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains, the great Graha [comet] called Kshudratma, resembling a heap of ashes, which remains for two thousand years in one asterism, entered the natal asterism, of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira. (129) From the moment in which the great Graha, &c., entered the natal asterism of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, there will not he paid much respect and honour to the Sramanas, the Nirgrantha monks and nuns. (130) But when the great Graha, &c., leaves that natal asterism, there will be paid much respect and honour to the Sramanas, the Nirgrantha monks and nuns. (131)

In that night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains, the animalcule called Anuddhari was originated:. which when at rest and not moving, is not easily seen by Nirgrantha monks and nuns who have not yet reached the state of perfection, but which when moving and not at rest, is easily seen by Nirgrantha monks and nuns who have not yet reached the state of perfection. (132) On seeing this (animalcule) many Nirgrantha monks and nuns must refuse to accept the offered alms.

'Master, why has this been said?' 'After this time the observance of control will be difficult.' (133)

In that period, in that age the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira had an excellent community of fourteen thousand Sramanas with Indrabhuti at their head; (134) thirty-six thousand nuns with Kandana at their head; (135) one hundred and fifty-nine thousand lay votaries with Sankhasataka. at their head; (136) three hundred and eighteen thousand female lay votaries with Sulasa and Revati at their head; (137) three hundred sages who knew the fourteen Purvas, who though no Ginas came very near them, who knew the combination of all letters, and like Gina preached according to the truth; (138) thirteen hundred sages who were possessed of the Avadhi-knowledge and superior qualities; (139) seven hundred Kevalins who possessed the combined best knowledge and intuition; (140) seven hundred who could transform themselves, and, though no gods, had obtained the powers (riddhi) of gods; (141) five hundred sages of mighty intellect who know the mental conditions of all developed beings possessed of intellect and five senses in the two and a half continents and two oceans; (142) four hundred professors who were never vanquished in the disputes occurring in the assemblies of gods, men, and Asuras; (143) seven hundred male and fourteen hundred female disciples who reached perfection, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains; (144) eight hundred sages in their last birth who were happy as regards their station, happy as regards their existence, lucky as regards their future. (145)

The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira instituted two epochs in his capacity of a Maker of an end: the epoch relating to generations, and the epoch relating to psychical condition; in the third generation ended the former epoch, and in the fourth year of his Kevaliship the latter. (146)

In that period, in that age, the Venerable Ascetic MaMvira lived thirty years as a householder, more than full twelve years in a state inferior to perfection, something less than thirty years as a Kevalin, forty-two years as a monk, and seventy-two years on the whole. When his Karman which produces Vedaniya (or what one has to experience in this world), Ayus (length of life), name, and family, had been exhausted, when in this Avasarpini era the greater part of the Duhshamasushama period had elapsed and only three years and eight and a half months were left, when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Svati, at the time of early morning, in the town of Papa, and in king Hastipala's office of the writers, (Mahivira) single and alone, sitting in the Samparyahka, posture, reciting the fifty-five lectures which detail the results of Karman, and the thirty-six unasked questions (the Uttaradhyana Sutra), when he just explained the chief lecture (that of Marudeva) he died, &c. (see § 124, all down to) freed from all pains. (147)

Since the time that the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains, nine centuries have elapsed, and of the tenth century this is the eightieth year. Another redaction has ninety-third year (instead of eightieth). (148)

End of the Fifth Lecture.

End of the Life of Mahavira.
LIFE OF PARSVA.

In that period, in that age lived the Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, the five most important moments of whose life happened when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Visakha: in Visakha he descended (from heaven), and having descended thence, entered the womb (of his mother); in Visakha he was born; in Visakha, tearing out his hair, he left the house and entered the state of houselessness; in Visakha he obtained the highest knowledge and intuition, called Kevala, which is infinite, supreme, unobstructed, unimpeded, complete, and full; in Visakha he obtained final liberation. (149)

In that period, in that age, in the first month of summer, in the first fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Kaitra, on its fourth day, the Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, descended from the Pranata Kalpa [the tenth world of the gods], where he had lived for twenty Sagaropamas, here on the continent Gambudvipa, in Bharatavarsha, in the town of Benares; and in the middle of the night when the. moon was in conjunction with the asterism Visakha, after the termination of his allotted length of life, divine nature, and existence (among the gods), he took the form of an embryo in the womb of the queen Vama, wife of Asvasena, king (of Benares). (150)

The knowledge of the Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, (about this) was threefold, &c. (repeat §§ 3-95 after making the necessary substitutions, and ornitting what exclusively applies to Mahavira, all down to) comfortably carried her unborn child. (151)

In that period, in that age the Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite-after the lapse of nine months and seven and a half days, in the second month of winter, in the third fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Paushya, on its tenth day, in the middle of the night when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Visakha-(Vama), perfectly healthy herself, gave birth to a perfectly healthy boy. (152)

In that night in which the Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, was born, -&c. (repeat §§ 97-107 with the necessary alterations, all down to) therefore shall the name of our boy be Parsva. (153, 154)

The Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, clever, with the aspirations of a clever man, of great beauty, controlling his senses, lucky, and modest, lived thirty years as a householder. Then the, Laukantika gods, following the established custom, addressed him with these kind, pleasing, &c., sweet, and soft words: (155)

'Victory, victory to thee, gladdener of the world!' (see § 111, down to) Thus they raised the shout of victory. (156) Before the Arhat Parsva, the people's favotirite, had adopted the life of a householder, &c. (see § 112, down to) indigent persons.

In the second month of winter, in the third fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Paushya, on its eleventh day, in the middle of the night, riding in his palankin called Visala, followed on his way by a train of gods, men, and Asuras, &c. (Parsva) went right through the town of Benares to the park called Asramapada, and proceeded to the excellent tree Asoka. There, &c. (see § 116, down to) five handfuls.

When the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Visakha, he, after fasting three and a half days without drinking water, put on a divine robe, and together with three hundred men he tore out his hair, and leaving the house entered the state of houselessness. (157)

The Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, for eighty-three days neglected his body, &c. (see § 117, down to) animals. (158) -

Thereafter the Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, was houseless, circumspect, &c. (see §§ 118-120, down to) meditated upon himself for eighty-three days.

During the eighty-fourth day-it was in the first month of summer, in the first fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Kaitra, on its fourth day, in the early part of the day, when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Visakha-Parsva, under a Dhataki tree, after fasting two and a half days without drinking water, being engaged in deep meditation, reached the infinite, &c. (see § 120, down to) highest knowledge and intuition called Kevala, &c. (see § 121, down to) moment. (159)

The Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, had eight Ganas and eight Ganadharas (enumerated in a Sloka):

Subha and Aryaghosha, Vasishtha and Brahmakirin, Saumya and Sridhara, Virabhadra and Yasas. (160)

The Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, had an excellent community of sixteen thousand Sramanas with Aryadatta at their head; (161) thirty-eight thousand nuns with Puslipakula at their head; (162) one hundred and sixty-four thousand lay votaries with Suvrata at their head; (163) three hundred and twenty-seven thousand female lay votaries with Sunandi at their head; (164) three hundred and fifty sages who knew the fourteen Purvas, &c. (see § 138); (165) fourteen hundred sages who were possessed of the Avadhi knowledge; one thousand Kevalins, eleven hundred sages who could transform themselves, six hundred sages of correct knowledge, one thousand male and two thousand female disciples who had reached perfection, seven hundred and fifty sages of vast intellect, six hundred professors, and twelve hundred sages in their last birth, (166)

The Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, instituted two epochs in his capacity of a Maker of an end: the epoch relating to generations and the epoch relating to psychical condition; the former ended in the fourth generation, the latter in the third year of his Kevaliship. (167)

In that period, in that age the Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, lived thirty years as a householder, eighty-three days in a state inferior to perfection, something less than seventy years as a Kevalin, full seventy years as a Srarnana, and a hundred years on the whole.

When his fourfold Karman was exhausted and in this Avasarpini era the greater part of the Duhshamasushama period had elapsed, in the first month of the rainy season, in the second fortnight, the light (fortnight) of Sravana, on its eighth day, in the early part of the day when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Visakha, (Parsva), after fasting a month without drinking water, on the summit of mount Sammeta, in the company of eighty-three persons, stretching out his hands, died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains. (168)

Since the time that the Arhat Parsva, the people's favourite, died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains, twelve centuries have elapsed, and of the thirteenth century this is the thirtieth year. (169)

End of the Life of Parsva.
LIFE OF ARISHTANEMI.

In that period, in that age lived the Arhat Arishtanemi, the five most important moments of whose life happened when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Kitra. In Kitra he descended from heaven, &c. (see § 149, down to) obtained final liberation. (170)

In that period, in that age, in the fourth month of the rainy season, in the seventh fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Karttika, on its twelfth day, the Arhat Arishtanemi descended from the great Vimana, called Aparigita, where he had lived for thirty-six Sagaropamas, here on the continent Gambudvipa, in Bharatavarsha, in the town of Sauripura, and in the middle of the night when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Kitra, he took the form of an embryo in the womb of the queen Siva, wife of the king Samudravigaya, &c. (the seeing of the dreams, the accumulation of riches, &c., should be repeated here). (17 1)

In that period, in that age the Arhat Arishtanemi-after the lapse of nine months and seven and a half days, in the first month of the rainy season, in the second fortnight, the light (fortnight) of Sravana, on its fifth day, &c.-(Sivi), perfectly healthy herself, gave birth to a perfectly healthy boy. (Repeat the account of the birth, substituting the name Samudravigaya, all down to) therefore shall the name of our boy be Arishtanemi. [His mother saw in a dream a nemi, the outer rim of a wheel, which consisted of rishta stones flying up to the sky. Hence the name Arishtameni.]

The Arhat Arishtanemi, clever, &c. (see §§ 155-157, all down to) indigent persons. (172) In the first month of the rainy season, in the second fortnight, the light (fortnight) of Sravana, on its sixth day riding in his palankin called Uttarakura, and followed on his way by a train of gods, men, and Asuras, &c. (Arishtanemi) went right through the town of Dvaravati to the park called Revatika, and proceeded to the excellent Asoka tree. There, &c. (see § 116, down to) five handfuls. When the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Kitra, after fasting two and a half days without drinking water, he put on a divine robe, and together with a thousand persons he tore'out his hair, and leaving the house entered the state of houselessness. (173)

The Arhat Arishtanemi for fifty-four days neglected his body, &c. (see §§ 117-120). During the fifty-fifth day-it was in the third inonth of the rainy season, in the fifth fortnight, the dark fortnight of Asvina, on its fifteenth day, in the last part of the day, when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Kitra-(Arishtanemi) under a Vetasa tree on the summit of mount Girnar, after fasting three and a half days without drinking water, &c., obtained infinite, &c., highest knowledge and intuition called Kevala, &c. (see § 121, down to) moment. (174)

The Arhat Arishtanemi had eighteen Ganas and eighteen Ganadharas. (175)

The Arhat Arishtanemi had an excellent community, of eighteen thousand Sramanas with Varadatta at their head; (176) forty thousand nuns with Arya Yakshini at their head; (177) one hundred and sixty-nine thousand lay votaries with Nanda at their head; (178) three hundred and thirty-six thousand female lay votaries with Mahasuvrata at their head; (179) four hundred sages who knew the fourteen Purvas, &c.; (180) fifteen hundred sages who were possessed of the Avadhi knowledge; fifteen hundred Kevalins; fifteen hundred sages who could transform themselves; one thousand sages of vast intellect; eight hundred professors; sixteen hundred sages in their last birth; fifteen hundred male and three thousand female disciples who had reached perfection.

The Arhat Arishtanemi instituted, &c. (see § 146, down to) the former ended in the eighth generation, the latter in the twelfth year of his Kevaliship. (181)

In that period, in that age the Arhat Arishtanemi lived three centuries as a prince, fifty-four days. in a state inferior to perfection, something less than seven centuries as a Kevalin, full seven centuries as a Sramana, a thousand years on the whole. When his fourfold Karman was exhausted and in this Avasarpini era a great part of the Duhshamasushama. period had elapsed, in the fourth month of summer, in the eighth fortnight, the light (fortnight) of Ashadha, on its eighth day, in the middle of the night when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Kitra, (Arishtanemi), after fasting a month without drinking water, on the summit of mount Girnar, in the company of five hundred and thirty-six monks, in a squatting position, died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains. (182)

Since the time that the Arhat Arishtanemi died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains, eighty-four thousand years have elapsed, of the eighty-fifth millennium nine centuries have elapsed, of the tenth century this is the eightieth year. (183)

End of the Life of Arishtanemi.
EPOCHS OF THE INTERMEDIATE TIRTHAKARAS.

Since he time that the Arhat Nami died,&c. (all down to) freed from all pains, 584,979 years have elapsed, this is the eightieth year. (184) Since the death of Munisuvrata this is the year 1,184,980. Since Malli this is the year 6,584,980. Ara died 10,000,000 years before Malli; Kunthu a quarter of a Palyopama before Malli; Santi three-quarters of a Palyopama; Dharma three Sagaropamas before Malli; Ananta seven Sagaropamas before Malli; Vimala sixteen Sagaropamas before Malli; Vasupugya forty Sagaropamas before Malli; Sreyimsa a hundred Sagaropamas before Malli. Sitala died a krore of Sagaropamas, less 42,003 years and eight and a half months, before the death of Vira. Suvidhi, surnamed Pushpadanta, died ten krores of Sagaropamas before Sitala; Kandraprabha a hundred krores of Sagaropamas before Sitala.; Suparsva a thousand krores of Sagaropamas before Sitala; Padmaprabha ten thousand krores of Sagaropamas before Sitala; Sumati one hundred thousand krores of Sagaropamas before Sitala; Abhinandana one million krores of Sagaropamas before Sitala; Sambliava two million krores of Sagaropamas before Sitala; Agita five million krores of Sagaropamas before Sitala. (185-203)
LIFE OF RISHABHA.

In that period, in that age lived the Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, four important moments of whose life happened when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Uttarashadha; the fifth, when in conjunctioin with Ashadha: (204) in Uttarashadha he descended from heaven, &c. (all down to) in Abhigit he obtained final liberation. (205)

In that period, in that age, in the fourth month of summer, in the seventh fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Ashadha, on its fourth day, the Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, descended from the great Vimina called Sarvarthasiddha, where he had lived for thirty-three Sagaropamas, here on the continent Gambudvipa, in Bharatavarsha, in Ikshvakubhumi, and in the middle of the night, &c., he took the form of an embryo in the womb of Marudevi, wife of the patriarch Nabhi. (206)

The knowledge of the Arhat Risliablia about this, &c. (all as in the case of Mahivira., but note the following differences: the first dream is a bull (Coming forward with his face, the other (mothers of Tirthakaras see first) an elephant. She (Marudevi) relates them to Nabhi, the patriarch; there are no interpreters of dreams; Nabhi, the patriarch, himself interprets them). (207)

In that period, in that age the Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian,-in the first month of summer, in the first fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Kaitra, on its eighth day, &c.,-(Marudevi), perfectly health), herself, gave birth to a perfectly healthy boy. (208)

(The circumstances connected with the birth of Rishabha are the same as in the case of that of Mahavira, only that the contents of § 100 and 101 do not apply to the present case.) (209)

The Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, belonged to the Kisyapa gotra, and he had five names: Rishabha, First Kin-, First Mendicant, First Gina, and First Tirthakara. (210)

The Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, clever, with the aspirations of a clever man, of great beauty, controlling (his senses), hicky, and modest, lived two millions of former years as a prince, and six millions three hundred thousand former years as a king. During his reign he taught, for the benefit of the people, the seventy-two sciences, of which writing is the first, arithmetic the most important, and the knowledge of omens the last, the sixty-four accomplishments of women, the hundred arts, and the three occupations of men. At last he anointed his hundred sons as kings, and gave each a kingdom. Then the Laukantika god, following the established custom, &c. (see §§ 110-112, down to) indigent persons. In the first month of summer, in the first fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Kaitra, on its eighth day, in the latter part of the day, riding in his palankin called Sudarsana, followed on his way by a train of gods, men, and Asuras, &c. (Rishabha) went right through the town Vinita to the park called Siddhartha Vana, and proceeded to the excellent tree Asoka. There, &c. (see § 116, down to) four handfuls. When the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Ashadha, he, after fasting two and a half days without drinking water, put on a divine robe, and together with four thousand of high, noble, royal persons, and Kshatriyas, he tore out his hair, and leaving the house entered the state of houselessness. (211)

The Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, for one thousand years neglected his body, &c. (see §§ 117-120, down to) meditated upon himself for one thousand years. Thereupon-it was in the fourth month of winter, the seventh fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Phalguna, on its eleventh day, in the early part of the day, when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Ashadha, outside of the town Purimatala, in the park called Sakatamukha, under the excellent tree Nyagrodha-(Rishabha) after fasting three and a half days without drinking water, being engaged in deep meditation, reached the infinite, &c. (see § 120, down to) highest knowledge and intuition called Kevala, &c. (see § 121, down to) moment. (212)

The Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, had eighty four Ganas and eighty-four Ganadharas. (213)

The Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, had an excellent community of eighty-four thousand Sramanas with Rishabhasena at their head; (214) three hundred thousand nuns with Brahmisundari at their head; (215) three hundred and five thousand lay votaries with Sreyamsa at their head; (216) five hundred and fifty-four thousand female lay votaries with Subhadra at their head; (217 four thousand seven hundred and fifty sages who knew the fourteen Purvas, &c.; (218) nine thousand sages who were possessed of the Avadhi knowledge; (219) twenty thousand Kevalins; (220) twenty thousand six hundred sages who could. transform themselves; (221) twelve thousand six hundred and fifty sages of vast intellect, &c.; (222) twelve thousand six hundred and fifty professors; (223) twenty thousand male and forty thousand female disciples who had reached perfection; (224) twenty-two thousand nine hundred sages in their last birth, &c. (225)

The Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, instituted, &c. (see § 146, down to) the former ended after numberless generations, the latter from the next Muhurta after his Kevaliship. (226)

In that period, in that age the Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, lived two millions of former years as a prince, six millions three hundred thousand former years as a king, together eight millions three hundred thousand former years as a householder; a thousand (former) years in a state inferior to perfection, nine-and-ninety thousand former years as a Kevalin, together a hundred thousand former years as a Sramana, and eight millions four hundred thousand years on the whole. When his fourfoid Karman was exhausted, and in this Avasarpini era the Sushamaduhshami period had nearly elapsed, only three years and eight and a half months being left, in the third month of winter, in the fifth fortnight, the dark (fortnight) of Magha, on its thirteenth day, in the early part of the day when the moon was in conjunction with the asterism, Abhigit, (Rishabha), after fasting six and a half days without drinking water, on the summit of mount Ashapada, in the company of ten thousand monks in the Samparyahka position, died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains. (227)

Since the time that the Arhat Rishabha, the Kosalian, died, -&c. (all down to) freed from all pains, three years and eight and a half months elapsed; thereupon one koti of kotis of Sagaropamas, less forty-two thousand and three years and eight and a half months, elapsed. At that time the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira died; after his Nirvana nine centuries elapsed, of the tenth century this is the eightieth year.

End of the Life of Rishabha.

End of the Lives of the Ginas.
LIST OF THE STHAVIRAS.

At that period, at that age the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira had nine Ganas and eleven Ganadharas.

'Why, now, has it been said, that the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira had nine Ganas, but eleven Ganadharas?'

'The oldest monk of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was Indrabhuti of the Gautama gotra, who instructed five hundred Sramanas; the middle-aged monk was Agnibhuti of the Gautama gotra, who instructed five hundred Sramanas; the youngest was Vayabhuti of the Gautarna gotra, who instructed five hundred Sramanas. The Sthavira Arya-Vyakta of the Bharadvaga rotra instructed five hundred Sramanas; the Sthavira Arya-Sudharman of the Agnivesayana gotra instructed five hundred Sramanas; the Sthavira Mandikaputra of the Vasishtha gotra instrticted two hundred and fifty Sramanas; the Sthavira Matiryaputra of the Kasyapa gotra instructed two hundred and fifty Sramanas; the Sthavira Akampita of the Gatitama gotra and Sthavira Akalabhritri of the Harittiyana gotra, both Sthaviras instructed together three hundred Sramanas each; the Sthaviras Metarya and Prabhasa, both of the Kaundinya gotra, instructed together three hundred Sramanas each. Therefore, Sir, has. it been said that the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira had nine Ganas, but eleven Ganadharas. (1)

All these eleven Ganadharas of the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, who knew the twelve Angas, the fourteen Purvas, and the whole Siddhanta of the Ganins, died, &c. (all down to) freed from all pains in Ragagriha after fasting a month without drinking water. The Sthaviras Itidrabhuti and Arya Sudharman both died after the Nirvana of Mahavira. The Nirgrantha Sramanas of the present time are all (spiritual) descendants of the monk Arya Sudharman, the rest of the Ganadharas left no descendants. (2)

The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was of the Kilsyapa gotra. His disciple was:

1. Arya Sudharman of the Agnivesyayana gotra

2. Arya Gambunaman of the Kisyapa gyotra;

3. Arya Prabhava of the Katyayana gotra;

4. Arya Sayyambha, father of Manaka, was of the Vatsa gotra;

5. Arya Yasobhadra of the Tungikayana gotra. (3)

In the short redaction the list of Sthaviras after Arya Yasobhadra is the following:

6. Arya Sambbutavigaya of the Mathara gotra and Arya Bhadrabahu of the Prakina gotra;

7. Arya Sthalabhadra of the Gautama gotra

8. i. Arya Mahagiri of the Ailapatya gotra and

ii. Arya Suhastin of the Vasishtha gotra;

9. Susthita and Supratibuddha, surnamed Kotika and Kakandaka, of the Vyaghrapatya gotra;

10. Arya Indradatta. (Indadinna) of the Kausika gotra;

11. Arya Datta (Dinna) of the Gautama gotra;

12. Arya Simhagiri Gatismara of the Kausika gotra;

13. Arya Vagra of the Gautama gotra;

14. Arya Vagrasena of the Utkirishta gotra

He had four disciples: Arya Nagila, Arya Padmila, Arya Gayanta, and Arya Tapasa, each of whom founded a Sakha called after his name, viz. the Aryanagila Sakha, the Aryapadmila Sakha, the Aryagayanta Sakha, and the Aryatapasa Sakha. (4)

In the detailed redaction the. list of Sthaviras after Arya Yasobhadra is the following:

6. i. Arya Bhadrabahu of the Prakina gotra, who had four disciples of the Kasyapa gotra:

A. Godasa, founder of the Godasa Gana, which was divided into four Sakhas:

a. The Tamraliptika Sakha,

b. The Kotivarshiyta Sakha,

c. The Pundravardhantya Sakha, and

d. The Disikharhatika Sakha.

B. Agnidatta,

C. Ganadatta,

D. Somadatta.

ii. Arya Sambhutavigaya of the Mithara gotra, who had twelve disciples:

7. A. Nandanabhadra,

B. Upananda,

C. Tishyabhadra

D. Yasobhadra,

E. Sumanobhadra

F. Manibhadra,

G. Punyabhadra

H. Sthulabhadra of the Gautama gotra,

I. Rigumati,

K. Gambu,

L. Dirghabhadra, and

M. PAndubhadra;

and seven female disciples:

A. Yaksha

B. Yakshadatta (Yakshadinna),

C. Bhuta,

D. Bhutadatta (Bhutadinna),

E. Sena (also Ena),

F. Vena,

G. Rena.

8. i. Arya Mahagiri of the Aillpatya gotra, who had eight disciples:

A. Uttara,

B. Balissaha, who both together founded the Uttarabalissaha Gana, which was divided into four Sakhas:

a. Kausambika,

b. Sautaptika (Pr. Soittiya),

c. Kautumbini (or Kundadhari),

d. Kandandgari.

C. Dhanarddhi (Pr. Dhanaddha),

D. Sirarddhi (Pr. Siriddha),

E. Kodinya,

F. Naga,

G. Nigaputra,

H. Khaluka Rohagupta of the Kausika gotra, founder of the Trairasika Sakha

ii. Arya Stiliastin of the Vasisshtha gotra, who had twelve disciples

9. A. Arya Rohana. of the Kasyapa gotra, founder of the Uddeha Gana, which was divided into four Sakhas:

a. Udumbarika (Pr. Udumbariggiya),

b. Masapurika,

c. Matipatriki,

d. Purnapatriki (Pr. Punnapattiya, Panna, Sunna, or Suvanna);

and into six Kulas:

a. Nagabhuta,

b. Somabhuta,

c. Ullagakkha (or Ardrakakkha?),

e. Hastilipta (Pr. Hatthiligga),

f. Nandika (Pr. Nandigga),

g. Parhasaka.

B. Bhadrayasas of the Bharadvagra gotra, who founded the Uduvatika Gana, which was divided into four Sakhas:

a. Kampiyika (Pr. Kampiggiya),

b. Bhadriyika (Pr. Bhaddiggiya),

c. Kakandika,

d. Mekhaltyika (Pr. Mehaliggiya);

and into three Kulas:

a'. Bhadrayaska (Pr. Bhaddagasiya),

b'. Bhadraguptika,

c'. Yasobhadra (Pr. Gasabhadda).

C. Megha.

D. Karnarddhi (Pr. Kamidithi) of the Kundala gotra, who founded the Vesavatika Gana, which was divided into four Sakhas:

a. Sravastika

b. Ragyapalika (Pr. Raggapaliya),

c. Antarañgika (Pr. Antariggiya),

d. Kshemaliptika (Pr. Khemaliggya);

and into four Kulas:

a'. Ganika,

b'. Maighika,

c'. Kamarddhika,

d'. Indrapuraka.

E. Srigupta of the Harita gotra. founder of the Karana Gana, which was divided into four Sakhas

a. Haritamalakari,

b. Samkasika,

c. Gavedhuka,

d. Vagranagari;

and into seven Kulas:

a'. Vatsaliya (Pr. Vakkhaligga),

b'. Pritidharmika,

c'. Haridraka (Pr. Halligga),

d'. Pushyamitrika (Pr. Pusamittigga).

e'. Malyaka (Pr. Maligga),

f'. Aryaketaka,

g'. Krishnasakha (Pr. Kanhasaha).

F. Rishigupta Kakandaka of the Vasishtha gotra, founder of the Manava Gana, which was divided into four Sakhas:

a. Kasyapiyi (Pr. Kasaviggiya),

b. Gautamiya (Pr. Goyameggiya),

c. Vasishthiya (Pr. Vasitthiya),

d. Saurashtrika;

and into three Kulas:

a'. Rishiguptika,

b'. Rishidattika,

c'. Abhiyasasa.

G. and H. Susthita and Supratibuddha, surnamed Kautika and Kakandaka, of the Vyaghrapatya gotra, founders of the Kautika gotra, which was divided into four Sakhas:

a. Ukkanagari,

b. Vidyidhari,

c. Vagri,

d. Madhyamika (Pr. Magghimilla);

and into four Kulas:

a'. Brahmaliptaka (Pr. Bambhaligga),

b'. Vatsaliya (Pr. Vakkhaligga, cf. E. a'.),

c'. Vaniya (Pr. Vanigga),

d'. Prasnavahanaka.

Both Sthaviras had together five disciples:

10. A. Arya Indradatta (Pr. Indadinna) of the Kasyapa gotra,

B. Priyagantha, founder of tht Madhyana Sakha,

C. Vidyadharagopala of the Kasyapa gotra, founder of the Vidyadhari Sakha,

D: Rishidatta,

E. Arhaddatta (Pr. Arihadatta).

11. Arya Datta (Pr. Dinna) of the Gautama gotra, who had two disciples:

12. i. Arya Santisenika of the Mathara, gotra, founder of the Ukkanagara Sakha, who had four disciples:

A. Arya Senika, founder of the Aryasenika Sakha,

B. Arya Tapasa, founder of the Aryatapasi Sakha,

C. Arya Kubera, founder of the Aryakubera Sakha, and

D. Arya Rishipalita, founder of the Aryarishipaliti Sakha.

ii. Arya Simhagiri Gatismara of the Gautama gotra, who had four disciples:

13. A. Dhanagiri,

B. Arya Samita of the Gautarna gotra, founder of the Brahmadvipika Sakha,

C. Arya Vagra of the Gautama gotra, founder of the Aryavagra Sakha,

D. Arhaddatta (Pr. Arihadinna).

14. i. Arya Vagrasena, founder of the Aryanagila Sakha,

ii. Arya Padma, founder of the Aryapadmi Sakha,

iii. Arya Ratha of the Vatsa gotra, founder of the Aryag-ayantl Sakha.

15. Arya Pulgyagiri of the Kausika gotra

16. Arya Phalgumitra of the Gautama gotta.

17. Arya Dhanagiri of the Vasishtha gotra.

18. Arya Sivabhuti of the Kautsa gotra.

19. Arya Bhadra of the Kasyapa gotra.

20. Arya Nakshatra of the Kasyapa gotra.

21. Arya Raksha of the Kasyapa gotra.

22. Arya Naga of the Gautama gotra.

23. Arya Gehila of the Vasishtha gotra.

24. Arya Vishnu of the Mathara gotra.

25. Arya Kalaka of the Gautama gotra.

26. Arya Sampalita and Bhadra, both of the Gautama gotra.

27. Arya Vriddha of the Gautama gotra.

28. Arya Sanghapalita of the Gautama gotra.

29. Arya Hastin of the Kasyapa gotra.

30. Arya Dharma of the Suvrata gotra.

31. Arya Simha of the Kasyapa gotra.

32. Arya Dhama of the Kasyapa gotra.

33. Arya Sandilya.

Bowing down my head, I pay my reverence to the Sthavira Gambu of The Gautama gotra, who possessed steady virtue, good conduct, and knowledge. ix.

I prostrate myself before the Sthavara Nandita, of Kasyapa gotra, who is possessed of great clemency and of knowledge, intuition, and good conduct. x.

Then I adore the Kshamasramana Desiganin of the Kasyapa gotra, who, steady in his conduct, possesses.the highest righteousness and virtue. xi.

Then I prostrate myself before the Kshamaramama Sthiragupta of the Vatsya gotra, the preserver of the sacred lore, the wise one, the ocean of wisdom, him of great virtue. xii.

Then I adore the Sthavira prince, Dharma, the virtuous Ganin, who stands well in knowledge, intuition, good conduct, and penance, and is rich in virtues. xiii.

I revere the Kshamasramama Devarddhi of the Kasyapa gotra, who wears, as it were, the jewel of the right understanding of the Sutras, and possesses the virtues of patience, self-restraint, and clemency. xiv.

End of the List of the Sthaviras.
RULES FOR YATIS.

1. In that period, in that age the Venerable Ascetic Mahdvira commenced the Paggusan when a month and twenty nights of the rainy season had elapsed.

'Why has it been said that the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira commenced the Paggusan when a month

and twenty nights of the rainy season had elapsed?' (1)

'Because at that time the lay people have usually matted their houses, whitewashed them, strewn them (with straw), smeared thein (with cowdung), levelled, smoothed, or perfumed them (or the floor of them), have dug gutters and drains, have furnished their houses, have rendered them comfortable, and have cleaned them. Hence it has been said that the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira commenced the Paggusan when a month and twenty nights of the rainy season had elapsed.' (2)

As the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, commenced the Paggusan when a month and twenty nights of the rainy season had elapsed, so the Ganadharas commenced the Paggusan when a month and twenty nights of the rainy season had elapsed. (3) As the Ganadharas have done, so the disciples of the Ganadharas have done. (4) As they have done, so the Sthaviras have done. (5) As they have done, so do the Nirgrantha Sramanas of the present time. (6)

As they do, so our masters, teachers, &c. do. (7) As they do, so do we commence the Paggusan after a month and twenty nights of the rainy season have elapsed. It is allowed to commence the Paggusan earlier, but not after that time. (8)

2. Monks or nuns during the Paggusan are allowed to regard their residence as extending a Yogana, and a Krosa all around, and to live there for a moderate time. (9)

3. During the Paggusan monks or nuns are allowed to go and return, for the sake of collecting alms, not farther than a Yogana, and a Krosa (from their lodgings). (10) If there is (in their way) an always flowing river which always contains water, they are not allowed to travel for a Yogana and a Krosa. (11) But if the river is like the Eravati near Kunala, such that it can be crossed by putting one foot in the water and keeping the other in the air, there it is allowed to travel for a Yogana and a Krosa. (12) But where that is impossible, it is not allowed to travel for a Yogana and a Krosa. (13)

4. During the Paggusan the Akarya will say, 'Give, Sir!' Then he. is allowed to give (food to a sick brother), but not to accept himself. (14) If the.Akarya says, 'Accept, Sir!' then he is allowed to accept (food), but not to give. (15) If the Akarya, says, 'Give, Sir! accept, Sir!' then the patient is allowed to give and to accept (food). (16)

5. Monks or nuns who are hale and healthy, and of a strong body, are not allowed during the Paggusan frequently to take the following nine drinks: milk, thick sour milk, fresh butter, clarified butter, oil, stigar, honey, liquor, and meat. (17)

6. During the Paggusan a collector of alms might ask (the Akarya), 'Sir, is (anything of the just-mentioned articles) required for the sick man?' he (the Akarya) says, 'Yes, it is.' Then (the sick man) should be asked, 'How much do you require?' The Akarya says,'So much is required for the sick man: You must take so much as he told you.' And he (the collector of alms) should beg, and begging he should accept (the required food). Having obtained the quantity ordercd, he should say, ' No more!' Perchance (the giver of food) might ask, 'Why do you say so, Sir?' (Then he Should answer), 'Thus much is required for the sick man.' Perchance, after that answer the other may say, ' Take it, Sir! You may after (the sick man has got his share) eat it or drink it.' Thus he is allowed to accept it, but he is not allowed to accept it by pretending, that it is for the sick man. (18)

7. In householders' families which are converted, dcvoted, staunch adherers (to the law), and honour, praise, and permit (the visits of monks), Sthaviras, during the Paggusan, are not allowed to ask, 'Sir, have you got such or Such a thing?' if they do not see it.

'Why, Sir, has this been said?' ' Because a devout houscholder might buy it or steal it.' (19)

6. During the Paggusan a monk eats only one meal a day, and should at one fixed time frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alms, except when he does services for the Akarya, the teacher, an ascetic, or a sick man, likewise if he or she be a novice who has not yet the marks of ripe age'. (20) To a monk who during the Paggusan eats only one meal on every second day, the following special rule applies. Having gone out in the morning, he should eat and drinks his pure dinner, then he should clean and rub his alms-bowl. If his dinner was sufficient, he should rest content with it for that day; if not, he is allowed for a second time to frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alms. (21) A monk who during the Paggusan eats on every third day, is allowed twice to frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alms. (22) A monk who during the Paggusan eats one meal on every fourth day, is allowed three times to frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alms. (21) A monk who keeps still more protracted fasts, is allowed at all (four) times to frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alms. (24)

9. A monk who during the Paggusan eats one meal every day, is allowed to accept all (permitted) drinks. A monk who during, the Paggusan eats one meal on every second day, is allowed to accept three kinds of drinks: water used for watering flour, sesamum, or rice. A monk who eats one meal on every third day, is allowed to accept three kinds of drinks: water used for washing sesamum, chaff, or barley. A monk who during the Paggusan eats one meal on every fourth day, is allowed to accept three kinds of water: rain-water, or sour gruel, or pure (i.e. hot) water. A monk who during the Paggusan keeps still more protracted fasts, is allowed to accept only one kind of drink: hot pure water It must contain no boiled rice. A monk who abstains from food altogether, is allowed to accept only one kind of drink: pure hot water. It must contain no boilcd rice; it must be filtered, not unfiltered; it must be a limited quantity, not an unlimited one; it must be sufficient, not insufficient. (25)

10. A monk Who during the Paggusan restricts himself to a certain number of donations, is allowed to accept (e.g.) five donations of food, and five of drink; or four of food, and five of drink; or five of food, and four of drink. He may accept one donation of salt for seasoning his meat. He should rest content for that day with the dinner he has brought together, and is not allowed a second time to frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alms. (26) During the Paggusan monks or nuns who restrict their visits to certain houses may go to a place where rice is cooked, if it is the seventh house from that where they are lodged. According to some, the lodging is included in the seven houses which such a mendicant must pass before he may participate in the festive entertainment; but according to others, it is not included in those seven houses. (27)

11. During the Paggusan a monk who collects alms in the hollow of his hand, is not allowed to frequent the abodes of householders, &c., if rain, even in the form of a fine spray, falls down. (28) During the Paggusan a monk who collects alms in the hollow of his hand, is not allowed to stay anywhere except in a house after having accepted alms, for it might begin to rain. But he should eat a part, and put back the rest (if it then begins to rain), covering his hand with the other hand, and laying it on his bosom or hiding it under his armpits; then he should go to well-covered (places), to a cave or the foot of a tree, where no water or drops of water or spray of water falls in his hand. (29)

12. During the Paggusan a monk who collects alms in the hollow of his hand, is not allowed to collect alms if rain, even in the form of a fine spray, falls down. (30)

13. During the Paggusan a monk who uses an alms-bowl is not allowed to frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alms if it rains fast, but he is allowed to do so if it rains but little; but they must wear then an under and upper garment. (31) During the Paggusan a monk who has the abode of a householder while there are single showers of rain, is allowed (when the rain ceases for a moment) to stand under a grove, or in his residence, or in the assembling-hall of the village, or at the foot of a tree.. (32) If before his arrival a dish of rice was being cooked, and after it a dish of pulse was begun to be cooked, he is allowed to accept of the dish of rice, but not of the dish of pulse. (33) But if before his arrival a dish of pulse was being cooked, and after it a dish of rice was begun to be cooked, he is allowed to accept of the dish pulse, but not of the dish of rice. (34) If both dishes were begun to be cooked before his arrival, he is allowcd to accept of both. If both dishes were begun to be cooked after his arrival, he is not allowed to acccept of either. he is allowed to accept of what was prepared before his arrival; he is not allowed to acccept of what was prepared after his arrival. (35) During the Paggusan, &c. (see § 32, down to) tree; he is not allowed to pass there his time with the food he had collected before. But he should first eat and dring his pure (food and drink), then rub and clean his alms bowl, and, putting his things together, he should, while the sun has not yet set, go to the place where he is lodged; but he is not allowed to pass the night in the former place. (36) During the Paggusan, &c. (see § 32, down to) tree. (37) It is not allowed that there at the same place should stand together one monk and one nun, nor one monk and two nuns, nor two monks and one nun, nor two monks and two nuns. But if there is a fifth person, a male or female novice, or if that place can be seen (by those who pass) of doors open on it, then they are allowed to stand there together. (38) During the Paggusan, &c. (see § 32, down to) tree. It is not allowed that there at the same place should stand together a monk and a lay woman, &c. (through the four cases as in § 28). But if there is a fifth person, a Sthavira or a Sthavirâ or if that place can be seen (by those who pass) or doors open on it, then they are allowed to stand there together. The same rule applies to a nun and a layman. (39)

14. During the Paggusan monks or nuns are not allowed to accept food, drink, dainties, and spices for one who has not asked them, and whom they have not promised to do so. (40)

'Why has this been said, Sir?' 'Because one who collects alms for another without being asked for it, might eat them or not, just as he lists.' (41)

15. During the Paggusan monks or nuns are not allowed to take their meals as long as their body is wet or moist. (42)

'How has this been said, Sir?' 'Seven places which retain the moisture have been declared: the hands, the lines in the hand, the nails, the top of the nails, the brows, the under lip, the upper lip.' But when they perceive that the water on their body has dried up and the moisture is gone, then they are allowed to take their meals. (43)

16. There are these eight classes of small things which a mendicant ought diligently to perceive, observe, and inspect, viz. living beings, mildew, seeds, sprouts, flowers, eggs, layers, and moisture.

What is understood by the small living beings? The small living beings are declared to be of five kinds: black, blue, red, yellow, and white ones. There is an animalcule called Anuddhari, which when at rest and not moving is not easily seen by monks and nuns who have not yet reached perfection, which when not at rest but moving is easily seen by monks and nuns who have not yet reached perfection. Monks and nuns who have not yet reached perfection must diligently perceive, observe, and inspect this. Those are the small living beings. (44)

What is understood by small mildew? Small mildew has been declared to be of five kinds: black, blue, &c. There is a kind of small mildew which has the same colour as the substance on which it grows. Monks, nuns, &c. (see § 44, down to) inspect this. That is small mildew.

What is understood by small seeds? Small seeds are declared to be of five kinds: black, blue, &c. There is a kind of small seeds of the same colour as grain. Monks and nuns, &c. (see § 44, down to) inspect this. Those are the small seeds.

What is understood by small sprouts? Small sprouts are declared to be of five kinds: black, blue, &c. There is a kind of small sprouts of the same colour as earth. Monks and nuns, &c. (see § 44, down to) inspect them. Those are the small sprouts.

What is understood by small flowers? Small flowers are declared to be of five kinds: black, blue, &c. There is a kind of small flowers of the same colour as the tree (on which they grow). Monks and nuns, &c. (see § 44, down to) inspect them. Those are the small flowers.

What is understood by small eggs? Small eggs are declared to be of five kinds: eggs of biting insects', of spiders, of ants, of lizards (or wasps), and of chameleons. Monks and nuns, &c. (see § 44, down to) inspect them. Those are the small eggs.

What is understood by small caves or lairs? Small caves or lairs are declared to be of five kinds: lairs of animals of the asinine kind, chasms, holes, cavities widening below like the stem of a palm tree, and wasps' nests. Monks and nuns, &c. (see § 44, down to) inspect them. Those are the small caves or lairs.

What is understood by small moisture? Small moisture is declared to be of five kinds: dew, hoarfrost, fog, hailstones, and damps. Monks and nuns, &c. (see § 44, down to) inspect this. That is small moisture.

17. During the Paggusan a monk might wish to frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alms. He is not allowed to go without asking leave of the teacher, or sub-teacher, or religious guide, or Sthavira, or head of the Gana, or Ganadhara, or founder of the Gana, or whom else he regards as his superior; he is allowed to go after having asked leave of one of these persons (in this way): 'I want with your permission to frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alins.' If he (the superior) grants permission, one is allowed to go; if not, one is not allowed to go.

'Why has this been said, Sir?' 'The teacher knows how to make good what has been done wrong.' (46) The same rule applies concerning the visits to temples and leaving the house for easing nature, or any other business, also the wandering from village to village. (47)

18. During the Paggusan a monk might wish to take some medicine; he is not allowed to take it without asking leave of the teacher, &c. (see § 47, down to) founder of the Gana; but he is allowed to take it after having asked leave of one of these persons (in this way) 'I want, Sir, with your permission to take some medicine,' viz. so much or so often. If he, &c. (see § 46, down to) wrong. (48) The same rule applies if a monk wants to undergo some medical cure. (49) Also if he wants to do some exalted penance. (50) Also if he intends, after the last mortification of the flesh which is to end in death, to wait for his last hour without desiring it, in total abstinence from food and drink or in remaining motionless; also if he wants to go out or to enter, to eat food, &c., to ease nature, to learn his daily lesson, to keep religious vigils-he is not is allowed to do it without asking leave. (51)

19. If during the Paggusan a monk wants to dry or warm (in the sun) his robe, alms-bowl, blanket, broom, or any other utensil, he is not allowed without asking one or many persons to frequent the abodes of householders for the sake of collecting alms, to eat food, &c., to visit temples or leave the house for easing nature, to learn his daily lesson, to lie down with outstretched limbs or stand in some posture. If there is somebody near, one or many persons, then he should say: 'Sir, please mind this (robe, &c.) while I frequent the abodes of householders, &c. (see above, down to) posture.' If that person promises to do it, then he (the monk) is allowed to go; if he does not promise it, then he is not allowed to go. (52)

20. During the Paggusan monks or nuns are not allowed to be without their proper bed or bench. This is the reason: A mendicant whose bed and bench are not reserved for his own use, are low and rickety, not sufficiently fastened, without a fixed place, and never exposed to the sun, and who is not circumspect in what he does, nor accustomed to inspect and clean the things of his use, will find it difficult to exercise control; (53) but on the contrary, control will be easy to him. (54).

21. During the Paggusan monks or nuns must always inspect three spots where to ease nature; not so in the summer and winter, as in the rainy season. 'Why has this been said, Sir?' 'For in the rainy season living beings, grass, seeds, mildew, and sprouts frequently come forth.' (55)

22. During the Paggusan monks or nuns must have three pots, one for ordure, one for urine, and a spitting-box. (56) Monks and nuns, who wear after the Paggusan their hair as short as that of a cow, are not allowed to do so during the Paggusan after the night (of the fifth Bhadrapada); but a monk should shave his head or pluck out his hair. Shaving with a razor every month, cutting with scissors every half month, plucking out every six months. (57) This is the conduct cheiflyof the Sthaviras during the rainy season.

23. During the Paggusan monks or nuns should not use harsh words after the commencement of the Paggusan; if they do, they should be warned: 'Reverend brother (or sister), you speak unmannerly.' One who (nevertheless) uses harsh words after the commencement of the Paggusan, should be excluded from the community. (58)

24. If, during the Paggusan, among monks or nuns occurs a quarrel or dispute or dissension, the young monk should ask forgiveness of the superior, and the superior of the young monk. They should forgive and ask forgiveness, appease and be appeased, and converse without restraint. For him who is appeased, there will be success (in control); for him who is not appeased, there will be no success; therefore one should appease one's self. 'Why has this been said, Sir?' 'Peace is the essence of monachism.' (59)

25. During the Paggusan monks or nuns should have three lodging-places; (two) for occasional use, which must be inspected; one for constant use, which must be swept (60).

26. During the Paggusan monks or nuns should give notice of the direction or intermediate direction in which they intend to go forth for the sake of begging alms. 'Why has this been said, Sir?' 'During the Paggusan the reverend monks frequently undertake austerities; an ascetic becoming weak and exhausted might swoon or fall down. (In case of such an accident the remaining) reverend monds will undertake their search in theat direction or intermediate direction (which the ascetic has named them). (61)

27. During the Paggusan monks or nuns are not allowed to travel further than four or five Yoganas, and then to return. They are allowed to stay in some intermediate place, but not to pass there (at the end of their journey) the night. (62)

Of the Nirgrantha monks who follow, &c. (see Akaranga Sutra II 15, V end, down to) ... there (rules regulating) the conduct of Sthaviras in the rainy season, some will reach perfection, &c. (see § 124 down to) be freed from all pains in that same life, some in the next life, some in the third birth; none will have to undergo more than seven or eight births. (63)

In that period, in that age the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, in the town of Ragagriha, in the Kaitya Gunasilaka, surrounded by many monks and nuns, by many men and women of the laity, by many gods and goddesses, said thus, spoke thus, declared thus, explained thus; he proclaimed again and again the Lecture called Paryushanakalpa with its application, with its argumentation, with its information, with its text, with its meaning, with both text and meaning, with the examination of the meaning.

Thus I say. (64)

End of the Rules for Yatis.

End of the Kalpa Sutra.

quinta-feira, 23 de dezembro de 2010

BUDISMO - PSICOLOGIA DO AUTOCONHECIMENTO - integral








BUDISMO - PSICOLOGIA DO AUTOCONHECIMENTO


LEIA O LIVRO INTEGRAL NO NOSSO BLOG

http://historiadosamantes.blogspot.com/





Primeira Parte


Dr. Georges da Silva e Rita Homenko

Aproveitamos para deixar aqui o testemunho de nosso agradecimento a Dom Jayanetti Kulatunga (ex - Bhikkhu Anurudha), que nos iniciou no conhecimento do Budismo, e aos que nos auxiliaram na revisão de textos: Isabel Aizim Diamante, Rogel Samuel, Clarisse de Oliveira nossa colaboradora na parte de datilografia - e a muitos outros que direta ou indiretamente nos auxiliaram nesta obra, O presente trabalho Se fundamentou numa bibliografia que podemos dividir em duas partes: a primeira em fontes principais encontradas nas obras de Rhys Davids, Ven. Walpola Rahula, Lama Anagarika Govinda, Thomas Merton, Dwight Goddard, Ciflovedo, Riokan R. M. Gonçalves, e a segunda parte numa bibliografia geral - ambas descritas detalhadamente no final deste livro.

PRIMEIRO CAPÍTULO I. SIDARTA GAUTAMA, O BUDA O Buda1 nasceu em Kapilavastu, capital do reino dos Sakyas, norte da Índia, no século VI A.C. Seu nome era SIDARTA (SIDDHARTA,2 em sânscrito),3: descendia da família GAUTAMA, e era conhecido como Sakya-Muni o sábio do país dos Sakyas. Seu pai, o rei Sudhodana governava o reino dos Sakyas (atualmente Nepal) Sua mãe era a rainha Maya que faleceu logo após seu nascimento e foi substituída por sua irmã Mahapradjapati. 8 Conta a piedosa tradição budista que Sidarta Gautama nasceu no mês de "Vesak" (maio), sendo levado ao templo onde os sacerdotes encontraram em seu corpo os 32 grandes sinais e os 80 pequenos sinais que o predestinavam a ser um grande homem. o sábio Asita profetizou que ele seria, à sua escolha, um poderoso imperador ou um asceta que libertaria a humanidade dos sofrimentos. Sudhodana, impressionado com a profecia, criou Sidarta numa área confinada do palácio, onde ele ficaria alheio as misérias do mundo. Uma meditação do príncipe Sidarta anuncia a concepção da vida que terá depois. Um dia, enquanto seu pai estava ocupado com a cerimônia do ritual da primavera, o jovem príncipe observava pequeninos e delicados pássaros disputando os vermes e insetos que apareciam numa charrua. o príncipe espantou-se, a principio, de como aqueles pássaros, considerados pelos homens como símbolos da realização espiritual, cujo canto está ao nível dos poetas, como aqueles pássaros podiam ser cruéis e mesquinhos, para com outras espécies de animais menores, como os mais ferozes animais. Assim, ainda na infância, o jovem príncipe viu que os pássaros são obrigados a comer para viver e que para tal são obrigados a disputar o alimento com outros. Assim é a natureza; desta generalização extraímos uma lei universal. Pois não somente a natureza é indiferente ao sofrimento e à crueldade, como é ela mesma quem impõe estas condições a todos os seres vivos, se eles querem subsistir. Magoar ou padecer, ou fazer magoar e padecer - tal é a lei da vida. Desta maneira, podemos dizer que o jovem descobriu a inexistência de um Deus misericordioso, regendo o universo. Aos 16 anos, de acordo com os costumes da época, casou-se com Gopa Yasodhara. Os anos passavam-se alegres e descuidados, até que um dia Sidarta viu um mendigo, um velho, um moribundo e um morto. Este encontro, que o comum dos homens aceita como fato consumado, para o príncipe Sidarta despertou no seu interior uma profunda reflexão sobre a realidade da vida e o sofrimento da humanidade e, não se conformando, resolveu procurar a porta de saída desse sofrimento universal. Aos 29 anos, logo depois do nascimento do seu único filho, Rahula, renunciou aos prazeres mundanos e, vestindo o traje amarelo dos ascetas, pôs-se a vagar em busca da verdade e da paz, começando a cumprir-se a profecia de Asita. Durante seis longos e penosos anos, vagou pelo Vale do Ganges, buscando o conhecimento das famosas filosofias de seu tempo; de início discípulo do sábio Alara Kalana, que lhe ensinou a meditação iogue, através da qual alcançou o estado mental conhecido como "a região da percepção e não-percepção". Não convencido dos ensinamentos de seu mestre, Sidarta buscou o grande Uddaka Ramaputra, conseguindo chegar a um grau ainda mais elevado de concentração e percepção que, no entanto, estava ainda longe do que ele buscava. Assim, deixando o mestre, seguido de cinco companheiros embrenhou-se pela floresta de Uruvilva em absoluto ascetismo, buscando o despertar espiritual através da mortificação do corpo. Conta-se que, então, Mara,5 deus dos prazeres, veio à terra pata tentar Sidarta, fazendo tudo ao seu alcance para demovê-lo de seus propósitos, nada conseguindo, entretanto. Tendo chegado ao último grau de esgotamento, quase morrendo de fome, sentindo-se às portas da morte verificou que os sacrifícios não extinguem o desejo, que o conhecimento não se obtém com um organismo enfraquecido, que o sofrimento físico perturba a mente, incapacitando-a de manter a tranqüilidade necessária à meditação. Não satisfeito com as 9 práticas de ascetismo, decidiu voltar a um modo de vida mais natural e seguir seu próprio caminho. As circunstâncias compeliram-no a pensar por si mesmo e a procurar dentro do seu próprio ser a solução almejada que não podia alcançar através dos seus instrutores. Sem ajuda ou orientação de qualquer poder sobrenatural, confiando apenas em seus próprios esforços e intuição, libertou-se de todas as fraquezas, aprimorou o processo de percepção, passou a ver as coisas como elas realmente são por seu próprio conhecimento intuitivo. Assim, finalmente compreendeu a Verdade, a natureza da vida e do Carma que a rege. Aos 35 anos, sentado à beira do Rio Neranjara, perto de Gaya (atual Bihar) ao pé de uma figueira pipal (ficus indica), conhecida mais tarde como árvore Bodhi6 ou Bo (árvore da Sabedoria), atingiu a Iluminação. Pregou seu primeiro sermão - "O Caminho do Meio" - a um grupo de cinco ascetas, antigos companheiros seus, no parque das Gazelas em Isipatana (atualmente Saranath), perto de Benares. Segundo um texto da antiga tradição, Gautama Buda explicou o Caminho do Meio da seguinte maneira: - Há dois extremos, é monges, que devem ser evitados por aqueles que renunciaram ao mundo. - Quais são eles? - Um, é a vida de prazeres, consagrada aos prazeres e à concupiscência, especialmente à sensualidade; essa vida é ignóbil, aviltante e estéril. O outro extremo é a prática habitual do ascetismo, infligindo ao corpo uma vida de cruéis, austeridades e penitências rigorosas, auto mortificações que são penosas, tristes, dolorosas e estéreis. Há uma vida média que é a perfeição, ó monges, que evita estes dois extremos, isto é, levar uma vida humana normal. porém refreando todas as tendências egoístas, e todos os desejos que perturbam nossa mente; é o caminho que abre os olhos e dá compreensão, que leva à paz, à sabedoria e à plena iluminação, ao Nirvana. A partir desse dia ficou conhecido como o Buda, o Sábio, o Iluminado, Bhagavad (BemAventurado), Tathagata7 (Aquele que encontrou a Verdade), Arahant (Liberto), etc. Durante 45 anos ensinou o Caminho a todas as classes de homens e mulheres, reis e camponeses, brâmanes (sacerdotes) e párias, mercadores e mendigos, religiosos e bandidos sem fazer a menor distinção entre eles. Não reconhecia diferença de castas ou grupos sociais: o Caminho que pregava estava aberto a todos os homens e mulheres prontos a compreendê-lo e segui-lo. Foi venerado enquanto viveu, porém nunca proclamou sua divindade. Foi um homem, um homem extraordinário. Faleceu aos 80 anos em Kusinara (atualmente Uttar Pradesh), não deixando nenhum sucessor, mas exortando os discípulos a observarem sua doutrina e disciplina como mestres. O sistema moral e filosófico exposto por Gautama Buda é chamado Dhamma8 em pàli9 ou Dharma em sânscrito, popularmente conhecido por Budismo. 10 Hoje o Budismo está difundido no Ceilão, Birmânia Tai1ândia, Cambodja, Laos, Vietnã, Tibete, China, Japão, Mongólia, Coréia, em algumas regiões da Índia, no Paquistão, Nepal, União Soviética, Alemanha, Inglaterra, Estados Unidos, Brasil e muitos outros países. De acordo com a tradição budista, três importantes acontecimentos na vida de Sidarta Gautama ocorreram no dia de lua cheia de Vesak (mês de maio): seu nascimento, sua Iluminação e seu passamento. Festivais são realizados para comemorar esses acontecimentos, conhecidos como celebrações de Vesak. 1. Buda: significa Supremo Iluminado, Desperto, aquele que esta liberto do sono da Ignorância e inundado de Suprema Sabedoria; vem da palavra Budh, que significa "despertar". 2. Siddharta: como termo significa "realização de todos os deuses", abreviação de Sarvarthasiddha. 3. Sânscrito: língua clássica dos brâmanes e sacerdotes; não parece ter sido uma língua popular. Significa "concluído, perfeito"; vem da preposição san que significa "com", e da raiz kr, "fazer". Língua antiga na qual foram escritos os textos religiosos do Hinduísmo e Budismo Mahayana 4. Gautama: significa, em sânscrito, "o mais vitorioso (tama), na terra (gau)". 5. Mara e a tentação, personificada nas paixões humanas; análogo ao "Satanás" bíblico. 6. Bodhi, em páli, significa Iluminação,. Suprema Compreensão, também é chamada a árvore sob a qual o Buda obteve Iluminação. 7. Tathagata: aquele que encontrou a Verdade. Tatha: verdade; agata: chegar, alcançar. Outros epítetos, com respeito ao Buda, são: Sakyamuni: o sábio do país dos Sakyas; Sakyasimba: o leão Sakya; Sugata: o Feliz; Sattha: o Instrutor; Sarvajna: o Onisciente. (Prof. Mário Lobo Leal, O Dhammapada.) 8. Dhamma (páli) ou Dharma (sânscrito): palavra com muitas significações. Derivada da raiz dhr, no sentido de "sustentar", portanto dharma é aquilo que sustenta os esforços da pessoa" quando esta prática de acordo com ele. Também nos textos budistas significa Lei, isto é, a Lei que governa o aparecimento, existência e desaparecimento de todos os fenômenos físicos e psicológicos. Os ensinamentos de Gautama Buda são chamados tradicionalmente de Dharma ou Dhamma. (XIV Dalai Lama, A Visão da Sabedoria. Obra citada.) 9.Pàli: língua derivada do sânscrito, usada pelos monges budistas; língua em que foram originalmente escritos os cânones Budistas da Escola Theravada.




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FELICIDADES!


QUE A DOR DE TODOS OS SERES VIVOS SE DESAPAREÇA
QUE EU SEJA O MÉDICO E O REMÉDIO
QUE EU SEJA O ENFERMEIRO DE TODOS OS SERES
ATÉ QUE TODOS SEJAM CURADOS
(SHANTIDEVA)

quinta-feira, 11 de março de 2010

No Ajahn Chah
















A Paz que está mais além

"...Meditar significa pacificar a mente de modo a permitir que a sabedoria surja…Para colocar de forma sucinta, é apenas uma questão de felicidade e infelicidade. A felicidade é uma sensação agradável na mente, a infelicidade é justamente a sensação desagradável. O Buda ensinou a separar essa felicidade e infelicidade da mente..."
É muito importante que pratiquemos o Dhamma. Se não praticarmos, então todo o nosso conhecimento será somente um conhecimento superficial, a sua cobertura externa somente. É como se tivéssemos um certo tipo de fruta mas que ainda não a tivéssemos comido. Apesar de termos essa fruta nas nossas mãos, ela não nos traz nenhum benefício. Somente comendo a fruta é que podemos realmente conhecer o seu sabor.

O Buda não louvava aqueles que simplesmente acreditavam nos outros, ele louvava a pessoa que tinha o conhecimento interiorizado. O mesmo que com a fruta, se nós já a tivermos provado, não precisaremos perguntar a ninguém mais se ela é doce ou azeda. Os nossos problemas estão solucionados. Porque estão resolvidos? Porque vemos de acordo com a verdade. Aquele que compreendeu o Dhamma é como aquele que percebeu a doçura ou acidez da fruta. Todas as dúvidas terminam nesse momento.

Quando falamos sobre o Dhamma, embora possamos falar muito, usualmente, isso pode ser resumido em quatro coisas. Elas são simplesmente entender o sofrimento, entender a causa do sofrimento, entender o fim do sofrimento e entender o caminho da prática que conduz ao fim do sofrimento. Isso é tudo. Tudo que experimentamos até agora no caminho da prática se resume nessas quatro coisas. Quando entendermos essas coisas, os nossos problemas terminam.

De onde surgem essas quatro coisas? Elas surgem justamente deste corpo e desta mente, de nenhum outro lugar. Então porque o Dhamma do Buda é tão amplo e extenso? Ele é assim de forma a explicar essas coisas de uma maneira mais detalhada, para ajudar-nos a vê-las.

Quando Siddhattha Gotama nasceu neste mundo, antes que ele enxergasse o Dhamma, ele era uma pessoa comum como qualquer um de nós. Quando ele entendeu o que era para ser entendido, isto é, a verdade do sofrimento, a causa, o fim e o caminho que conduz ao fim do sofrimento, ele compreendeu o Dhamma e se tornou um Buda perfeitamente Iluminado.

Quando nós compreendemos o Dhamma, em qualquer lugar que sentemos, entenderemos o Dhamma, em qualquer lugar que estejamos, ouviremos os ensinamentos do Buda. Quando nós compreendemos o Dhamma, o Buda está dentro da nossa mente, o Dhamma está dentro da nossa mente e a prática que conduz à sabedoria está dentro da nossa mente. Ter o Buda, o Dhamma e a Sangha dentro da nossa mente significa que, boas ou más, saberemos claramente, por nós mesmos, a verdadeira natureza das nossas ações. Foi assim que o Buda descartou as opiniões mundanas, ele descartou os elogios e as críticas. Quando as pessoas o elogiavam ou criticavam ele simplesmente aceitava ambos pelo que eram. Essas duas coisas são simplesmente condições mundanas, assim ele não se abalava com elas. Porque não? Porque ele conhecia o sofrimento. Ele sabia que se ele acreditasse nesse elogio ou crítica, estes lhe causariam sofrimento.

Quando o sofrimento surge ele nos agita, nos sentimos perturbados. Qual é a causa desse sofrimento? É porque não conhecemos a Verdade, essa é a causa. Quando a causa está presente, então o sofrimento surge. Uma vez que surge nós não sabemos como pará-lo. Quanto mais tentamos pará-lo, mais intenso ele fica. Nós dizemos, "Não me critique", ou "Não ponha a culpa em mim". Ao tentar pará-lo dessa forma, o sofrimento fica realmente mais intenso e ele não irá parar.

Portanto, o Buda ensinou que o caminho que conduz ao fim do sofrimento é fazer surgir o Dhamma como uma realidade dentro das nossas mentes. Nos tornamos alguém que testemunha o Dhamma por si mesmo. Se alguém diz que somos bons, nós não nos perdemos nisso; eles dizem que não somos bons, nós não nos perdemos nisso; eles dizem que não somos bons e nós não nos esquecemos de nós mesmos. Dessa forma podemos nos libertar. "Bem" e "mal" são apenas dhammas mundanos, eles são, apenas, estados da mente. Se os seguirmos, a nossa mente se transforma no mundo, nós ficamos tateando no escuro e não sabemos onde está a saída. Se é assim, então ainda não temos controle sobre nós mesmos. Tentamos derrotar os outros, mas agindo assim apenas derrotamos a nós mesmos; porém se temos controle sobre nós mesmos então temos controle sobre tudo - sobre todas as formações mentais, visões, sons, aromas, sabores e sensações corporais. Agora estou falando de coisas externas, elas são assim, mas o exterior também está refletido internamente. Algumas pessoas apenas conhecem o exterior, elas não conhecem o interior. Como quando dizemos para "ver o corpo no corpo". Ver o corpo exterior não é suficiente, precisamos conhecer o corpo dentro do corpo. Então, tendo investigado a mente, devemos conhecer a mente dentro da mente.

Porque devemos investigar o corpo? O que é esse "corpo no corpo"? Quando falamos conhecer a mente, o que é essa "mente"? Se não conhecermos a mente então não conheceremos as coisas dentro da mente. É ser alguém que não conhece o sofrimento, não conhece a causa, não conhece o fim e não conhece o caminho. As coisas que deveriam ajudar a extinguir o sofrimento não funcionam porque nós somos distraídos pelas coisas que o agravam. É como se tivéssemos uma coceira na cabeça e coçássemos a perna! Se é a nossa cabeça que está coçando então obviamente não vamos obter muito alívio. Da mesma forma, quando o sofrimento surge, não sabemos como lidar com ele, não conhecemos a prática que conduz ao fim do sofrimento.

Por exemplo, vejam o corpo, este corpo que cada um de nós trouxe a esta reunião. Se somente virmos a forma do corpo não há como escapar do sofrimento. Porque não? Porque ainda não enxergamos o interior do corpo, somente vemos o exterior. Somente o vemos como algo belo, que possui substância. O Buda disse que somente isso não é o suficiente. Nós vemos o exterior com os nossos olhos; uma criança pode vê-lo, animais podem vê-lo, não é difícil. O exterior do corpo pode ser visto com facilidade, mas ao vê-lo nos prendemos a ele, não conhecemos a verdade a seu respeito. Ao vê-lo nós o agarramos e ele nos morde!

Portanto devemos investigar o corpo dentro do corpo. Não importa o que exista no corpo, vá em frente e olhe. Se virmos somente o exterior, não estará nítido. Vemos cabelo, unhas e assim por diante e elas são apenas coisas belas que nos atraem, por isso o Buda nos ensinou a olhar para dentro do corpo, para ver o corpo dentro do corpo. O que é o corpo? Olhem para dentro atentamente! Veremos muitas coisas ali que nos surpreenderão, porque apesar de estarem dentro de nós, nós nunca as vimos. Para qualquer lugar que caminhemos, nós vamos carregá-las conosco, sentados em um carro, nós vamos levá-las conosco, mas mesmo assim não as conhecemos!

É como quando visitamos alguns parentes e eles nos dão um presente. Nós o pegamos e colocamos na nossa mala e depois saímos sem abri-lo para ver o que é. Quando finalmente o abrimos - está cheio de cobras venenosas! O nosso corpo é igual. Se virmos somente a sua casca diremos que ele é agradável e bonito. Nós nos esquecemos. Esquecemos que é impermanente, insatisfatório e não-eu. Se olharmos dentro deste corpo veremos que ele é realmente repulsivo. Se virmos de acordo com a realidade, sem tentar disfarçar as coisas, veremos que ele é realmente patético e cansativo. O desapego irá surgir. Essa sensação de "desinteresse" não quer dizer que sintamos aversão pelo mundo ou algo parecido; é simplesmente a nossa mente sendo limpa, a nossa mente se soltando dele. Vemos as coisas como elas são por natureza. Não importa como queiramos que sejam, elas serão do seu próprio jeito. Quer riamos ou choremos, elas são simplesmente como são. As coisas que são instáveis, são instáveis; as coisas que são feias, são feias.

Portanto o Buda disse que quando experimentamos visões, sons, sabores, aromas, sensações corporais ou estados mentais, deveríamos libertá-los.Quando o ouvido ouve um som, deixe-o ir. Quando o nariz cheira um aroma, deixe-o ir…deixe-o no nariz! Quando as sensações corporais surgem, solte-se do gostar ou não gostar que vem em seguida, deixe que retornem para onde vieram. O mesmo para os estados mentais. Todas essas coisas, deixe que elas sigam o seu caminho. Isso é o conhecimento. Quer seja felicidade ou infelicidade, é a mesma coisa. A isto se chama meditação.

Meditação significa pacificar a mente de forma que a sabedoria possa surgir. Isso exige que pratiquemos com o corpo e a mente de forma a ver e conhecer as impressões sensuais da forma, do som, do sabor, do toque e das formações mentais. Colocando de modo resumido, é somente uma questão de felicidade e infelicidade. A felicidade é uma sensação agradável na mente, a infelicidade é justamente a sensação desagradável. O Buda ensinou a separar essa felicidade e infelicidade da mente. A mente é aquela que sabe. A sensação [10] é a característica da felicidade ou infelicidade, gostar ou não gostar. Quando a mente se entrega a essas coisas dizemos que ela se apega ou assume que essa felicidade e infelicidade merecem ser guardadas. Esse apego é uma ação mental, essa felicidade ou infelicidade é a sensação.

Quando afirmamos que o Buda nos disse para separar a mente da sensação, ele não quis dizer literalmente colocá-los em lugares diferentes. Ele quis dizer que a mente deve conhecer a felicidade e a infelicidade. Quando estamos sentados em samadhi, por exemplo, e a paz preenche a mente, então a felicidade pode vir mas ela não nos atinge, a infelicidade pode vir mas não nos atinge. Isto é o que quer dizer separar a sensação da mente. Podemos compará-lo com a água e óleo numa garrafa. Eles não se combinam. Mesmo se você tentar misturá-los, o óleo permanece como óleo e a água permanece como água. Porque ocorre isso? Porque eles possuem densidades diferentes.

O estado natural da mente não é nem de felicidade nem de infelicidade. Quando uma sensação entra na mente então a felicidade ou infelicidade surge. Se tivermos atenção plena então entenderemos a sensação agradável como sensação agradável. A mente que sabe não irá se agarrar a ela. A felicidade se encontra ali mas está "do lado de fora" da mente, não está enterrada dentro da mente. A mente simplesmente sabe disso com clareza.

Se separarmos a infelicidade da mente, isso significa que não haverá sofrimento, que nós não o experimentaremos? Sim, nós o experimentamos, porém sabemos que a mente é mente e a sensação é sensação. Nós não nos agarramos a essa sensação ou a carregamos conosco. O Buda separou essas coisas através do conhecimento. Ele sofria? Ele conhecia o estado de sofrimento mas não se apegava a ele, dessa forma dizemos que ele extirpou o sofrimento. E também havia a felicidade, mas ele conhecia essa felicidade, quando ela não é conhecida, é como um veneno. Ele não a tomou como parte de si mesmo. A felicidade ali estava através do conhecimento, mas ela não existia na sua mente. Dessa forma dizemos que ele separou a felicidade e a infelicidade da sua mente.

Quando dizemos que o Buda e os Iluminados aniquilaram as contaminações, [11] não é que eles realmente as aniquilaram. Se eles as tivessem aniquilado então provavelmente nós não teríamos nenhuma! Eles não aniquilaram as contaminações, quando eles as conheceram pelo que elas são, eles se soltaram delas. Alguém que seja estúpido irá se agarrar a elas, mas os Iluminados conheciam as contaminações como veneno nas suas mentes, assim eles as varreram para fora. Eles varreram para fora as coisas que lhes causavam sofrimento, eles não as aniquilaram. Alguém que não saiba disso verá algumas coisas, assim como a felicidade, como boas e então irá agarrá-las, mas o Buda as conhecia e simplesmente as varria para fora.

Mas quando a sensação surge nos entregamos a ela, isto é, a mente carrega consigo aquela felicidade e infelicidade. Na verdade elas são duas coisas distintas. As atividades da mente, sensações agradáveis, sensações desagradáveis e assim por diante, são impressões mentais, elas são o mundo. Se a mente sabe disso ela pode lidar igualmente com a felicidade ou a infelicidade. Porque? Porque ela conhece a verdade acerca dessas coisas. Alguém que não a conhece, as vê como sendo iguais. Se você se apega à felicidade será ali onde irá surgir a infelicidade mais tarde, porque a felicidade é instável, ela muda o tempo todo. Quando a felicidade desaparece, surge a infelicidade.

O Buda sabia disso porque ambas a felicidade e a infelicidade são insatisfatórias, elas possuem o mesmo valor. Quando surgia a felicidade ele a soltava . Ele tinha a prática correta, vendo que ambas as coisas possuem valores e desvantagens iguais. Elas se submetem à lei do Dhamma, isto é, elas são instáveis e insatisfatórias. Uma vez que nascem, elas morrem. Quando ele viu isso, o entendimento correto despertou e a prática correta se tornou clara. Não importa que tipo de sentimento ou pensamento surgia na sua mente, ele sabia que era simplesmente o jogo contínuo da felicidade e infelicidade. Ele não se apegava a elas.

Pouco após a sua iluminação o Buda deu um sermão acerca de entregar-se ao prazer e de entregar-se à dor. "Bhikkhus! Entregar-se ao prazer é o caminho relaxado, entregar-se à dor é o caminho tenso". Essas foram as duas coisas que atrapalharam a sua prática até o dia em que ele se iluminou, porque no início ele não se soltava delas. Assim que ele as entendeu, ele passou a se soltar delas e dessa forma foi capaz de proferir o seu primeiro sermão.

Portanto, dizemos que um meditador não deve seguir o caminho da felicidade ou infelicidade, de preferência ele deve entendê-las. Entendendo a verdade do sofrimento, ele saberá a causa do sofrimento, o fim do sofrimento e o caminho que conduz ao fim do sofrimento. E o caminho que conduz ao fim do sofrimento é a própria meditação. Para colocar de maneira simples, precisamos estar plenamente atentos.

Atenção plena é saber, ou presença da atenção. Exatamente agora o que estamos pensando, o que estamos fazendo? O que temos conosco exatamente neste instante? Observamos dessa forma, estamos conscientes de como estamos vivendo. Quando praticamos dessa forma, a sabedoria pode surgir. Nós consideramos e investigamos todo o tempo, em todas as posturas. Quando uma impressão mental surge e queremos conhecê-la tal como ela é, nós não a tomamos como sendo algo com substância. É apenas felicidade. Quando a infelicidade surge sabemos que se trata da entrega à dor, não é o caminho de um meditador.

Isto é o que chamamos de separar a mente da sensação. Se formos espertos não nos apegamos, deixamos as coisas como são. Nos tornamos "aquele que sabe'. A mente e a sensação são como óleo e água, elas estão na mesma garrafa mas não se misturam. Mesmo se estivermos enfermos ou com dor, ainda assim entenderemos a sensação como sensação, a mente como mente. Conhecemos os estados desconfortáveis ou confortáveis mas não nos identificamos com eles. Somente permanecemos com a paz, a paz que está além do conforto e da dor.

Você deve entender dessa forma, porque se não há um eu permanente então não existe refúgio. Você deve viver dessa forma, isto é, sem felicidade e sem infelicidade. Você permanece simplesmente com esse entendimento, você não carrega essas coisas.

Enquanto não alcançarmos a iluminação tudo isso pode soar estranho mas não tem importância, nós simplesmente colocamos o nosso objetivo nessa direção. A mente é a mente. Ela encontra a felicidade e a infelicidade e as vemos apenas como tais, nada além disso. Elas são divididas, não misturadas. Se estiverem misturadas então não as entenderemos. É como viver em uma casa, a casa e o seu morador estão relacionados, porém separados. Se a nossa casa está em perigo ficamos aflitos porque precisamos protegê-la, mas se a casa pegar fogo precisaremos abandoná-la. Se uma sensação desconfortável surge nós a abandonamos, tal como com a casa. Se ela estiver em chamas e nós soubermos disso, sairemos correndo. São duas coisas distintas; a casa é uma coisa, o morador é outra.

Dizemos que separamos a mente e a sensação dessa forma, mas na verdade por natureza elas já estão separadas. A nossa realização é simplesmente conhecer essa separação natural de acordo com a realidade. Quando dizemos que elas não estão separadas é porque por ignorância da verdade nos apegamos a elas.

Por isso o Buda nos disse para meditar. Essa prática de meditação é muito importante. Somente conhecer com o intelecto não é suficiente. O conhecimento que é obtido através da prática com uma mente tranqüila e o conhecimento que é obtido através do estudo são dois tipos realmente muito distintos. O conhecimento que é obtido através do estudo não é o verdadeiro conhecimento da nossa mente. A mente tenta agarrar e manter esse conhecimento. Porque tentamos mantê-lo? Solte-o ! E então quando o soltamos, lamentamos!

Se realmente tivermos o conhecimento, então poderemos nos soltar de tudo, que as coisas sejam como são. Sabemos como as coisas são e não nos esquecemos. Se acontecer de ficarmos enfermos não nos perderemos nisso. Algumas pessoas pensam, "Este ano estive enfermo todo o tempo, não pude nunca meditar". Essas são as palavras de uma pessoa realmente tola. Alguém que esteja enfermo e morrendo deve realmente ser diligente na sua prática. Uma pessoa pode dizer que não confia no seu corpo e por isso sente que não consegue meditar. Se pensarmos assim então as coisas ficarão difíceis. O Buda não ensinou dessa forma. Ele disse que aqui mesmo é o lugar para meditar. Quando estamos enfermos ou morrendo é quando podemos realmente ver e conhecer a realidade.

Outras pessoas dizem que elas não têm a oportunidade de meditar porque estão muito ocupadas. Algumas vezes professores me procuram. Eles dizem que possuem muitas responsabilidades e por isso não têm tempo para meditar. Eu lhes pergunto, "Quando vocês estão ensinando, vocês têm tempo para respirar?" Eles respondem, "Sim". "Portanto como que vocês têm tempo para respirar se o trabalho é tão agitado e confuso? Nesse caso, vocês estão distantes do Dhamma."

Na realidade, esta prática é justamente sobre a mente e as sensações. Não se trata de algo que você tenha de correr atrás ou se esforçar. A respiração continua enquanto trabalhamos. A natureza toma conta dos processos naturais - tudo que precisamos fazer é estar atentos. Continuar tentando apenas, ver internamente com clareza. A meditação é assim.

Se tivermos essa atenção presente, então todo trabalho que façamos será a ferramenta que nos permitirá continuamente saber o que é certo e o que é errado. Existe muito tempo para meditar, nós apenas não entendemos a prática de forma completa, isso é tudo. Enquanto estamos dormindo, respiramos; comendo, respiramos, não é mesmo? Porque não temos tempo para meditar? Onde quer que seja que estejamos, respiramos. Se pensarmos dessa forma então a nossa vida tem tanto valor quanto a nossa respiração, onde quer que estejamos, temos tempo.

Todos os tipos de pensamentos são condições mentais, não condições do corpo, deste modo, precisamos simplesmente ter a atenção presente, então saberemos o que é certo e o que é errado todo o tempo. Em pé, caminhando, sentado e deitado, existe tempo de sobra. Nós, apenas, não sabemos como usá-lo da forma apropriada. Por favor levem isso em conta.

Não podemos fugir das sensações, precisamos conhecê-las. Sensação é apenas sensação, felicidade é apenas felicidade, infelicidade é apenas infelicidade. Elas são simplesmente isso. Portanto, porque deveríamos nos apegar a elas? Se a mente for esperta, só de ouvir isso seria o suficiente para nos permitir separar a sensação da mente.

Se investigarmos dessa forma continuamente, a mente irá encontrar a libertação, mas não escapará através da ignorância. A mente se solta de tudo, quando ela sabe. Ela não solta devido à estupidez, não porque ela não queira que as coisas sejam como são. Ela solta porque sabe de acordo com a verdade. Isso é ver a natureza, a realidade que está à nossa volta.

Quando sabemos isso somos alguém hábil com a mente, temos habilidade com as impressões mentais. Quando temos habilidade com as impressões mentais somos hábeis com o mundo. Isto é ser um "Conhecedor do Mundo". O Buda era alguém que claramente conhecia o mundo com todas as suas dificuldades. Ele sabia que o que é preocupante e que o que não é preocupante estavam exatamente ali. O mundo é tão confuso, como é que o Buda foi capaz de entendê-lo? Com relação a isso devemos entender que o Dhamma ensinado pelo Buda não está além da nossa capacidade. Em todas as posturas devemos ter a atenção presente e autoconsciência - e quando for o momento para sentar em meditação, fazemos apenas isso.

Nós sentamos em meditação para estabelecer a paz e cultivar a energia mental. Nós não o fazemos com o propósito de explorar algo especial. A meditação de insight é estar sentado em samadhi . Em alguns lugares se diz, "Agora vamos sentar em samadhi, depois disso faremos meditação de insight". Não faça essa separação! A tranqüilidade é a base que faz surgir a sabedoria, a sabedoria é o fruto da tranqüilidade. Dizer que agora vamos fazer a meditação da tranqüilidade e mais tarde insight - você não pode fazer isso! Você somente consegue dividi-las na linguagem. Tal como uma faca, a lâmina está de um lado, a parte de trás da lâmina do outro. Você não consegue dividi-las. Se você pegar um lado irá na verdade ficar com os dois lados. A tranqüilidade faz a sabedoria surgir dessa forma.

A Virtude é o pai e a mãe do Dhamma. No princípio precisamos ter virtude. A virtude é paz. Isso significa que não existem ações incorretas com o corpo ou a linguagem. Quando não agimos da forma incorreta não ficamos agitados; quando não ficamos agitados, então a paz e o autocontrole surgem na mente. Portanto dizemos que a virtude, concentração e sabedoria são o caminho que todos os Nobres trilharam em direção à iluminação. Eles são um só. A virtude é concentração, a concentração é virtude. A concentração é sabedoria, a sabedoria é concentração. É tal como uma manga. Quando ela é uma flor a chamamos de flor. Quando se torna uma fruta a chamamos de manga. Quando amadurece nós a chamamos de manga madura. Tudo isso é uma manga que muda continuamente. A manga grande se desenvolve da manga pequena, a manga pequena se torna uma grande. Você pode chamá-las de nomes diferentes ou dar um nome só. Virtude, concentração e sabedoria estão relacionadas dessa forma. Ao final todas são o caminho que conduz à iluminação.

A manga, do momento em que surge como uma flor, simplesmente se desenvolve até o amadurecimento. Isso é o suficiente, nós devemos ver dessa forma. Seja o que for que os outros a chamem, não importa. Uma vez nascida ela cresce até envelhecer, e depois o que? Devemos meditar sobre isso.

Algumas pessoas não querem envelhecer. Quando elas envelhecem elas ficam se lamentando. Essas pessoas não deveriam comer mangas maduras! Porque queremos que as mangas amadureçam? Se não amadurecem no tempo certo, nós as amadurecemos artificialmente, não é verdade? Porém quando envelhecemos ficamos cheios de lamentações. Algumas pessoas choram, elas temem envelhecer ou morrer. Se é assim, então elas não deveriam comer mangas maduras, melhor comer somente as flores! Se podemos enxergar isso, então poderemos ver o Dhamma. Tudo fica claro, estamos em paz. Decida-se a praticar dessa forma.

Assim, hoje, o Chefe Conselheiro e o seu grupo vieram juntos para ouvir o Dhamma. Vocês deveriam tomar o que eu disse e analisar tudo cuidadosamente. Se algo não estiver correto, por favor me desculpem. Mas para saberem se está certo ou errado, depende de praticarem e enxergarem por si mesmos. Aquilo que estiver errado, joguem fora. Aquilo que estiver certo, guardem e usem. Mas na verdade, nós praticamos para soltar ambos, o que é correto e o que é incorreto. Ao final jogamos tudo fora. Se for correto, jogue fora; se for incorreto, jogue fora! Usualmente, se for correto nos apegamos à correção, se for incorreto, nos agarramos à idéia de que é incorreto e então as discussões surgem. Mas o Dhamma é o lugar onde não existe nada - absolutamente nada.


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Notas:

10. Sensação é uma tradução da palavra em Pali vedana, e deve ser entendida com o sentido dado por Ajaan Chah: como os estados mentais de gostar, não gostar, alegria, tristeza, etc.

11. Contaminações, ou kilesa, são os hábitos nascidos da ignorância que infestam as mentes de todos os seres não iluminados.


Ajahn Chah


Nosso Verdadeiro Lar

Uma palestra para uma discípula leiga idosa que está morrendo

Por Ajahn Chah

Agora determine que a sua mente ouça o Dhamma. Durante o período em que eu estiver falando, preste atenção às minhas palavras como se o próprio Buda estivesse sentado à sua frente. Feche os olhos e sente-se confortavelmente, componha a sua mente e faça com que ela foque a atenção em um só ponto. Com humildade permita que a Jóia Tríplice da sabedoria, verdade e pureza encontre um lugar no seu coração como forma de demonstrar o seu respeito pelo Iluminado.

Hoje eu não trouxe nada material, com substância para oferecer-lhe, somente o Dhamma, os ensinamentos do Buda. Ouça bem. Você precisa entender que mesmo o próprio Buda, com o seu grande depósito de virtude acumulada, não pôde evitar a morte física. Quando ele alcançou a velhice, ele abandonou o seu corpo e soltou o seu pesado fardo. Agora você também precisa aprender a estar satisfeita com os muitos anos em que esteve sujeita a esse corpo. Você deveria sentir que já chega.

Você pode compará-lo a utensílios de cozinha que teve por muito tempo - suas xícaras, pires, pratos e assim por diante. Quando você os comprou eles estavam limpos e brilhantes mas agora após usá-los por tanto tempo, eles mostram os sinais do tempo. Alguns já estão quebrados, outros desapareceram e aqueles que sobraram estão se deteriorando; eles não possuem uma forma estável, e faz parte da sua natureza que seja assim. Com o corpo é o mesmo - esteve continuamente mudando desde o dia em que você nasceu, através da infância e adolescência, até agora quando alcançou a velhice. Você precisa aceitar isso. O Buda disse que os fenômenos, (sankharas), quer sejam internos, do corpo, ou externos, são desprovidos de um eu, a mudança faz parte da natureza deles. Contemple essa verdade até que você a veja claramente.

Esse mesmo pedaço de carne que aqui está deitado em decadência é saccadhamma, a verdade. A verdade deste corpo é saccadhamma, e esse é o ensinamento imutável do Buda. O Buda nos ensinou a olhar para o corpo, contemplá-lo e aceitar a sua natureza. Precisamos estar em paz com o corpo, não importando o estado em que ele esteja. O Buda ensinou que devemos nos assegurar que somente o corpo esteja aprisionado e não permitir que a mente seja aprisionada junto. Agora, à medida que o seu corpo começa a perder vitalidade e deteriorar pela idade, não resista a isso, mas não permita que a sua mente se deteriore junto com ele. Mantenha a mente separada. Energize a sua mente compreendendo a verdade de como as coisas são. O Buda ensinou que essa é a natureza do corpo, não pode ser de outra forma: tendo nascido, ele envelhece e se enferma e depois morre. Essa é uma grande verdade com a qual você está se deparando agora. Olhe para o corpo com sabedoria e entenda isso.

Se a sua casa estiver inundada ou completamente queimada, qualquer que seja o perigo que a ameace, faça com que seja somente com a casa. Se ocorrer uma enchente, não permita que ela inunde a sua mente. Se ocorrer um incêndio, não permita que ele queime o seu coração. Deixe que seja somente a casa, aquilo que é externo a você, fique inundada e queimada. Permita que a mente se liberte dos seus apegos. Este é o momento certo.

Você já está viva há muito tempo. Os seus olhos já viram inumeráveis formas e cores, os seus ouvidos ouviram tantos sons, você teve incontáveis experiências. E isso é tudo que elas foram - somente experiências. Você comeu comidas deliciosas, e todos os sabores deliciosos foram somente sabores deliciosos, nada mais. Os sabores desagradáveis foram somente sabores desagradáveis, isso é tudo. Se o olho vê uma forma bonita, isso é tudo, somente uma forma bonita. Uma forma feia é somente uma forma feia. O ouvido ouve um som que hipnotiza, melodioso e não é nada além disso. Um som áspero, sem harmonia é somente isso.

O Buda disse que pobre ou rico, jovem ou velho, humano ou animal, nenhum ser neste mundo pode manter a si mesmo em um mesmo estado por muito tempo, tudo experimenta mudança. Esse é um fato da vida para o qual não há remédio. Mas o Buda disse que o que podemos fazer é contemplar o corpo e a mente de tal forma a ver a sua impersonalidade, ver que nenhum deles é "eu" ou "meu". Eles possuem meramente uma realidade provisória. É como esta casa: ela é sua somente de forma nominal, você não a pode levar para nenhum lugar. Ocorre o mesmo com a sua fortuna, as suas posses e a sua família - elas são todas suas somente no nome, na verdade elas não lhe pertencem, elas pertencem à natureza. Agora essa verdade não se aplica somente a você, todos estão na mesma posição, mesmo o Buda e os seus discípulos iluminados. Eles diferem de nós apenas num aspecto, na aceitação das coisas do modo como elas são, eles viram que não pode ser de outro modo.

Portanto o Buda nos ensinou a mapear e examinar este corpo, das solas dos pés até o topo da cabeça e em seguida até as solas dos pés novamente. Dê uma olhada no corpo. Que tipo de coisas você vê? Existe algo que seja intrinsecamente limpo? Você pode encontrar alguma essência permanente? Todo este corpo está constantemente se degenerando e o Buda nos ensinou a ver que ele não nos pertence. Faz parte da natureza que o corpo seja assim porque todos os fenômenos condicionados estão sujeitos à mudança. De que outra forma poderia ser? Na verdade, não existe nada de errado com o corpo. Não é o corpo que faz com que você sofra, mas sim a sua forma de pensar incorreta. Quando você vê o certo de maneira errada, inevitavelmente haverá confusão. É como a água de um rio. Ela naturalmente flui quando há uma inclinação, ela nunca flui em sentido contrário, assim é a natureza. Se uma pessoa estivesse às margens de um rio e vendo a correnteza fluindo rapidamente, tolamente desejasse que as águas fluíssem em sentido contrário, ela iría sofrer. O que quer que ela estivesse fazendo, a sua maneira errada de pensar não lhe daria paz. Ela ficaria infeliz devido ao seu entendimento incorreto, pensando contra a correnteza. Se ela tivesse o entendimento correto ela veria que a água deve inevitavelmente fluir de acordo com a inclinação, e até que ela entenda e aceite esse fato, a pessoa ficará agitada e preocupada.

O rio que flui de acordo com a inclinação é igual ao seu corpo. Tendo sido jovem seu corpo envelheceu e agora está fluindo tranqüilamente para a morte. Não fique desejando que seja diferente, não é algo que você tem o poder de remediar. O Buda nos disse para ver as coisas como elas são e então soltar o nosso apego em relação a elas. Tome essa noção de abandono como o seu refúgio.

Sustente a meditação, mesmo que você se sinta cansada e exausta. Deixe que a sua mente permaneça com a respiração. Respire fundo algumas vezes e depois fixe a mente na respiração usando a palavra "Buddho" como mantra. Faça disso uma prática rotineira. Quanto mais exausta você estiver, mais sutil e focalizada deve ser a sua concentração, assim você poderá suportar as sensações dolorosas que surgem. Quando você começar a se sentir cansada, faça com que todo o seu pensamento pare, que a mente se recupere e se volte para conhecer a respiração. Mantenha a recitação interior: "Bud-dho, Bud-dho". Solte tudo que é externo. Não se apegue a pensamentos acerca dos seus filhos e parentes, não se apegue a absolutamente nada. Solte. Deixe que a mente se unifique em um só ponto e permita que essa mente acalmada permaneça com a respiração. Faça com que a respiração seja o seu único objeto de interesse. Concentre até que a mente se torne cada vez mais sutil, até que as sensações sejam insignificantes e que haja uma grande clareza e vivacidade interiores. Então quando surgirem sensações dolorosas elas irão gradualmente ceder por si mesmas. Finalmente, você irá olhar para a respiração como se fosse um parente que a tivesse vindo visitar.

Quando um parente vai embora, nós o acompanhamos até a porta. Esperamos até que já não o possamos ver mais e então voltamos para dentro. Observamos a respiração da mesma forma. Se a respiração é grosseira, nós sabemos que ela é grosseira. Se ela é sutil, sabemos que é sutil. À medida que ela vai se tornando cada vez mais discreta nós a acompanhamos, simultaneamente despertando a mente. Eventualmente a respiração desaparece por completo e tudo o que resta é a sensação de estar alerta. A isto se denomina encontrar o Buda. Temos aquele entendimento cristalino que é chamado de "Buddho", aquele que sabe, aquele que está desperto, aquele que irradia. É encontrar e permanecer com o Buda, com conhecimento e clareza. Pois foi somente o Buda histórico de carne e osso que realizou o parinibbana; o verdadeiro Buda, o Buda que é o conhecimento claro e luminoso, nós podemos experimentar e realizar mesmo hoje e quando assim fizermos, o coração é um só.

Portanto, solte, deixe tudo de lado, tudo exceto o conhecimento. Não se iluda se visões ou sons surgirem na sua mente durante a meditação. Deixe-os de lado. Não se apegue a absolutamente nada. Permaneça apenas com essa atenção não dual. Não se preocupe com o passado ou o futuro, fique tranqüila e você irá alcançar o lugar onde não existe progresso, recuo e nem parada, onde não existe nada para se agarrar ou apegar. Porque? Porque não existe "eu" ou "meu". Tudo se foi. O Buda nos ensinou a que fiquemos vazios desse modo, a não carregar nada conosco. Conhecendo e tendo conhecido, solte.

Realizar o Dhamma, o caminho da libertação do ciclo de nascimento e morte, é uma tarefa que todos temos que realizar sozinhos. Portanto, continue tentando soltar tudo e entender os ensinamentos. Coloque esforço real na sua contemplação. Não se preocupe com a sua família. No momento eles são o que são, no futuro serão como você. Não existe ninguém neste mundo que possa escapar a esse destino. O Buda nos disse para deixar de lado tudo aquilo que não possui uma essência verdadeira, permanente. Se você colocar tudo de lado, irá ver a verdade, se você não fizer isso, não irá vê-la. Assim é como é, igual para todos, portanto não se preocupe e não se agarre a nada.

Mesmo que você se dê conta de que está pensando, não há problema, contanto que você pense sabiamente. Não pense de maneira tola. Se você pensar nos seus filhos, pense neles com sabedoria, não de forma tola. Qualquer coisa que chame a atenção da mente, pense e entenda aquela coisa com sabedoria, consciente da sua natureza. Se você entende alguma coisa com sabedoria, então você a solta e não há sofrimento. A mente estará brilhante, feliz e em paz, e evitando distrações ela estará unificada. Neste momento o que lhe pode ajudar e apoiar é a sua respiração.

Essa é uma tarefa sua, de ninguém mais. Deixe que os outros façam as tarefas deles. Você tem a sua própria tarefa e responsabilidade e você não precisa assumir aquelas da sua família. Não assuma nada mais, solte tudo. Esse ato de soltar irá acalmar a sua mente. A sua única responsabilidade agora é de focar a sua mente e fazer com que ela fique em paz. Deixe todo o demais para os outros. Formas, sons, odores, sabores - deixe que os outros tomem conta disso. Deixe tudo isso de lado e faça o seu próprio trabalho, cumpra a sua responsabilidade. O que quer que surja na sua mente, seja medo ou dor, medo da morte, ansiedade pelos outros ou o que seja, diga-lhes: "Não me perturbem. Vocês não são mais minha responsabilidade". Apenas diga isso para si mesma quando você vir esses dhammas surgindo.

A que se refere a palavra "dhamma" ? Tudo é dhamma. Não existe nada que não seja dhamma. E o que seria "mundo" ? O mundo é exatamente o estado mental que a está deixando agitada neste mesmo momento. "O que essa pessoa irá fazer? O que aquela pessoa irá fazer? Quando eu estiver morta quem irá cuidar deles? Como eles irão se arranjar?" Isso tudo é "o mundo". Mesmo o mero surgimento de um pensamento de medo ou dor, é o mundo.

Jogue o mundo fora! O mundo é assim mesmo. Se você permitir que ele surja na mente e domine a consciência então a mente se tornará nebulosa e não poderá ver a si mesma. Portanto, para tudo que surgir na mente, simplesmente diga: "Não diz respeito a mim. É impermanente, insatisfatório e não-eu."

Pensar que você gostaria de viver por muito tempo a fará sofrer. Mas pensar que você gostaria de morrer logo ou muito rapidamente também não é correto, é sofrimento não é? As condições não nos pertencem, elas seguem as suas próprias leis da natureza. Você não pode fazer nada acerca do modo como o corpo é. Você pode embelezá-lo um pouco, fazer com que seja atraente e limpo durante algum tempo, tal como as garotas que passam batom e deixam as unhas crescer. Porém, quando a velhice chega, todos estão no mesmo barco. O corpo é assim, você não pode fazer com que seja de outro modo. Mas o que você pode melhorar e embelezar é a mente.

Qualquer pessoa pode construir uma casa de madeira e tijolos mas o Buda ensinou que esse tipo de casa não é o nosso verdadeiro lar, é nosso só nominalmente. É uma casa no mundo e segue as regras do mundo. O nosso verdadeiro lar é a paz interior. Uma casa pode muito bem ser bonita mas não tem muita paz. Existe esta preocupação e depois aquela, esta ansiedade e depois aquela. Portanto dizemos que ela não é o nosso verdadeiro lar, está fora de nós, cedo ou tarde vamos ter que abrir mão dela. Não é um lugar em que podemos viver permanentemente porque na verdade não nos pertence, é parte do mundo. Com o nosso corpo ocorre o mesmo; assumimos que ele seja parte do eu, que seja "eu" e "meu", mas na verdade não é nada disso, é uma outra casa do mundo. O seu corpo seguiu o seu curso natural do nascimento até agora, está velho e enfermo e você não pode proibi-lo disso, assim é como é. Querer que seja diferente é tão tolo quanto querer que um pato seja uma galinha. Quando você vê que isso é impossível, que um pato tem que ser um pato, e que uma galinha tem que ser uma galinha, que os corpos têm que envelhecer e morrer, você terá energia e força. Não importa quanto você queira que o corpo se mantenha e dure por muito tempo, isso não irá ocorrer.

O Buda disse:

Anicca vata sankhara
Uppada vayadhammino
Uppajjhitva nirujjhanti
Tesam vupasamo sukho.

As formações são impermanentes,
sujeitas a surgir e cessar.
Tendo surgido elas cessam -
a tranqüilização delas é uma bênção.

A palavra "sankhara" refere-se a este corpo e mente. Os sankharas são impermanentes e instáveis, tendo surgido eles desaparecem, tendo aparecido eles cessam, e mesmo assim todos querem que eles sejam permanentes. Isso é uma tolice. Olhe para a respiração. Tendo entrado, ela sai, assim é a natureza, assim é como deve ser. A inspiração e a expiração têm que se alternar, tem que haver mudança. Os sankharas existem através da mudança, você não poderá evitá-lo. Apenas pense: você poderia expirar sem haver inspirado? Você se sentiria bem? Ou você poderia somente inspirar? Queremos que as coisas sejam permanentes, mas elas não podem ser, é impossível. Uma vez que tenhamos inspirado, é necessário expirar, quando expiramos é necessário inspirar outra vez, e assim é a natureza, não é? Tendo nascido, envelhecemos e ficamos enfermos e depois morremos e isso é perfeitamente natural e normal. Porque os sankharas fizeram a sua parte, porque a expiração e a inspiração se alternaram dessa forma, que a raça humana ainda está aqui hoje.

Assim que nascemos, estamos mortos. Nosso nascimento e morte são somente uma coisa. Tal como uma árvore: quando há uma raiz tem que haver galhos. Quando há galhos tem que haver uma raiz. Não se pode ter uma sem a outra. É um pouco engraçado ver como face à morte as pessoas ficam tão angustiadas e distraídas, chorosas e tristes e no nascimento tão felizes e contentes. É a delusão, ninguém nunca vê isso com clareza. Eu penso que se você realmente quer chorar, então seria melhor fazê-lo quando alguém nasce. Pois na verdade o nascimento é morte, morte é nascimento, a raiz é o galho, o galho a raiz. Se você precisa chorar, chore pela raiz, chore pelo nascimento. Veja com atenção: se não houvesse nascimento não haveria morte. Você pode entender isso?

Não pense muito. Somente pense: "Assim é como as coisas são". É a sua tarefa, a sua responsabilidade. Neste exato momento ninguém pode ajudá-la, não há nada que a sua família e as suas posses possam fazer por você. A única coisa que lhe pode ajudar é o entendimento correto.

Portanto não vacile. Solte tudo. Jogue tudo fora.

Mesmo que você não queira soltar, tudo está indo embora de qualquer jeito. Você pode ver como todas as diferentes partes do seu corpo estão tentando escapar? Tome o seu cabelo: quando você era jovem ele era grosso e preto, agora ele está caindo. Está indo embora. Os seus olhos costumavam ser bons e fortes e agora eles estão fracos, a sua vista embaçada. Quando os órgãos já não agüentam mais, eles vão embora, esta não é a casa deles. Quando você era uma criança os seus dentes eram sadios e firmes agora eles estão balançando, talvez você tenha dentadura. Os seus olhos, ouvidos, nariz, língua - tudo está tentando ir embora porque esta não é a casa deles. Você não pode fazer uma morada permanente em um sankhara, você pode permanecer por pouco tempo e depois tem que partir. O mesmo que um inquilino observando a sua pequena casa com os olhos enfraquecidos. Os seus dentes já não estão bem, os seus ouvidos já não estão bem, o seu corpo já não está saudável, todos estão partindo.

Portanto você não precisa se preocupar com nada, porque este não é o seu verdadeiro lar, é somente um abrigo temporário. Tendo vindo a este mundo, você deveria contemplar a sua natureza. Tudo o que existe está se preparando para desaparecer. Olhe para o seu corpo. Existe algo que ainda se encontre na sua forma original? A sua pele está como costumava estar? O seu cabelo? Não é o mesmo, é? Para onde foi tudo? Assim é a natureza, como as coisas são. Quando o tempo chega, as formações seguem o seu próprio curso. Não há nada neste mundo com o qual se possa contar - é um ciclo interminável de perturbações e problemas, prazeres e dores. Não há paz.

Quando não temos um verdadeiro lar somos como um viajante sem rumo, indo em uma direção por algum tempo e depois para outra direção, parando por algum tempo para depois continuar outra vez. Até que regressemos ao nosso verdadeiro lar nos sentimos desconfortáveis com o que quer que estejamos fazendo, da mesma forma como uma pessoa que saiu do seu vilarejo para uma viagem. Somente quando regressa outra vez para casa é que ela pode realmente relaxar e estar em paz.

Em nenhum lugar do mundo pode ser encontrada a paz verdadeira. Os pobres não têm paz e nem os ricos. Os adultos não têm paz, as crianças não têm paz, aqueles com pouca escolaridade não têm paz e nem os que têm muito estudo. Não existe paz em lugar nenhum. Essa é a natureza do mundo.

Aqueles que possuem poucas posses sofrem e da mesma forma aqueles que possuem muitas. Crianças, adultos, velhos, todos sofrem. O sofrimento de ser velho, o sofrimento de ser jovem, o sofrimento de ser rico e o sofrimento de ser pobre - nada além de sofrimento.

Quando você contempla as coisas dessa forma você vê anicca, impermanência e dukkha, insatisfação. Porque as coisas são impermanentes e não trazem satisfação? É porque são anatta, não-eu.

Ambos, o seu corpo que está aqui deitado enfermo e dolorido e a mente que está consciente da sua enfermidade e dor, são denominados dhammas. Aquilo que é desprovido de forma, os pensamentos, sensações e percepções são denominados namadhamma. Aquilo que está atormentado com dores e desconfortos é denominado rupadhamma. O material é dhamma e o não material é dhamma. Portanto vivemos com dhammas, no dhamma, nós somos dhamma. Na verdade não existe um eu que pode ser encontrado em nenhum lugar, só existem dhammas que estão continuamente surgindo e desaparecendo, que é a sua natureza. A cada momento estamos experimentando o nascimento e a morte. Assim é como as coisas são.

Quando pensamos no Buda, da forma tão verdadeira como ele falou, sentimos o quanto ele é digno de que o saudemos, honremos e respeitemos. Sempre que vemos a verdade de algo, vemos os seus ensinamentos, mesmo sem nunca, na verdade termos praticado o Dhamma. Porém mesmo que tenhamos conhecimento dos seus ensinamentos, que os tenhamos estudado e praticado, mas ainda sem ver a verdade que eles contêm, então ainda não teremos um lar.

Portanto, compreenda esse ponto de que todas as pessoas, todas as criaturas, estão prestes a ir embora. Quando os seres viverem um certo tempo eles seguirão o seu caminho. O rico, o pobre, o jovem, o velho, todos os seres irão experimentar essa mudança.

Quando você se der conta de que o mundo é assim, você sentirá que é um lugar que incomoda muito. Quando você se der conta de que não há nada estável ou sólido em que você possa confiar, você se sentirá incomodado e desencantado. Sentir-se desencantado no entanto não significa que você terá aversão. A mente estará clara. Ela vê que não existe nada que possa ser feito para remediar esse estado de coisas, assim é o mundo. Sabendo disso, você pode soltar o apego, soltar com a mente que não está feliz nem triste mas em paz com os sankharas, pois vê com sabedoria a sua natureza de mudança constante.

Anicca vata sankhara – todas as formações são impermanentes. Colocando de maneira simples: impermanência é o Buda. Se vemos um fenômeno impermanente com clareza, veremos que ele é permanente, permanente no sentido de que a sua sujeição à mudança é constante. Essa é a permanência que os seres vivos possuem. Existe transformação contínua, da infância através da juventude até a velhice, e essa mesma impermanência, essa disposição à mudança é fixa e permanente. Se você encará-lo dessa forma o seu coração estará em paz. Não é somente você que tem que passar por isso, são todos.

Quando você considera as coisas dessa forma, você as verá como um incômodo e o desencantamento irá surgir. O seu deleite com o mundo dos prazeres sensuais irá desaparecer. Você verá que se tiver muitas coisas, terá que abandonar muitas coisas; se tiver poucas, abandonará poucas. A riqueza é somente riqueza, uma vida longa é somente uma vida longa, elas não têm nada de especial.

O que é importante é que façamos o que o Buda nos ensinou e que construamos o nosso lar, construi-lo utilizando o método que eu estive lhe explicando. Construa o seu lar. Solte tudo. Solte até que a mente alcance a paz que está livre de avançar, livre de retroceder e livre de ficar imóvel. O prazer não é o nosso lar, a dor não é o nosso lar. O prazer e a dor, ambos, decaem e desaparecem.

O Grande Mestre viu que todos os sankharas são impermanentes e por isso ele nos ensinou a soltar o nosso apego por eles. Quando chegarmos ao fim das nossas vidas, não teremos escolha de qualquer maneira, não seremos capazes de levar nada conosco. Portanto não seria melhor se soltar das coisas antes disso? Elas são somente um fardo pesado que carregamos; porque não se desfazer desse fardo agora? Porque o esforço de carregá-lo conosco? Solte tudo, relaxe e deixe que a sua família tome conta de você.

Aqueles que cuidam de um enfermo, cultivam a bondade e a virtude. Alguém que esteja doente e que oferece aos outros essa oportunidade não deveria dificultar ainda mais as coisas para eles. Se existe dor ou algum outro problema, diga-lhes e mantenha a mente em um estado saudável. Aquele que estiver cuidando dos pais deve preencher a sua mente com cordialidade e bondade e não se deixar pegar pela aversão. Essa é a ocasião em que você pode pagar o seu débito para com eles. Desde o seu nascimento através da infância, conforme você crescia, você esteve na dependência dos seus pais. Estamos aqui hoje porque as nossas mães e pais nos ajudaram de tantas formas. Devemos a eles muita gratidão.

Portanto hoje, todos vocês, crianças e parentes aqui reunidos, juntos, vejam como os seus pais se tornam as suas crianças. Antes vocês eram as crianças deles; agora eles são as crianças de vocês. Eles ficam cada vez mais velhos até que se convertem em crianças novamente. A sua memória fica falha, os olhos já não vêm tão bem e os seus ouvidos não escutam, às vezes misturam as palavras. Não deixem que isso os perturbe. Todos vocês que cuidam dos doentes têm que aprender a soltar. Não se agarrem às coisas, simplesmente soltem-nas e que sigam o seu próprio curso. Quando uma criança é desobediente, às vezes os pais permitem que ela faça o que quer como forma de manter a paz, para fazê-la feliz. Agora os seus pais são como essa criança. A memória e a percepção deles está confusa. Certas vezes eles confundem os seus nomes, ou vocês lhes pedem para trazer uma xícara e eles trazem um prato. É normal, não fiquem transtornados por isso.

Que o paciente possa se lembrar da bondade daqueles que cuidam dele e pacientemente suporte as sensações de dor. Faça um esforço, não permitindo que a mente se torne dispersa e agitada e não dificultando as coisas para quem está cuidando de você. Permita que aqueles que cuidam dos doentes preencham a sua mente com virtude e bondade. Que não tenham aversão pelo aspecto repugnante do trabalho, de limpar o catarro e a fleuma ou a urina e excremento. Façam o melhor possível. Todos na família podem ajudar.

Eles são os únicos pais que você possui. Eles lhe deram a vida, eles foram os seus mestres, suas enfermeiras e seus médicos - eles foram tudo para você. Eles os criaram, educaram, compartilharam as suas posses com você, fizeram de você o herdeiro, esse é o grande benefício feito pelos seus pais. Como resultado, o Buda ensinou as virtudes de kataññu e katavedi, conhecer a nossa dívida de gratidão e tentar repagá-la. Essas duas virtudes são complementares. Se os nossos pais estão passando por necessidades, se não estão bem ou enfrentando dificuldades, então fazemos o melhor possível para ajudá-los. Isto é kataññu-katavedi, é uma virtude que mantem o mundo. Previne que as famílias se separem, faz com que permaneçam estáveis e harmoniosas.

Hoje eu lhes trouxe o Dhamma como um presente nesta ocasião de enfermidade. Não tenho coisas materiais para lhes dar; parece que já existe abundância dessas coisas na casa e assim eu lhes dou o Dhamma, algo que possui um valor de longa duração, algo que vocês nunca conseguirão esgotar. Tendo recebido de mim, vocês podem passá-lo adiante para tantos outros que quiserem e ele nunca será esgotado. Assim é a natureza da Verdade. Estou feliz por dar-lhes este presente do Dhamma e espero que lhes dê força para lidar com a sua dor.